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goblinko [34]
3 years ago
10

Why do you require an acid catalyst to make an ester? Why not just mix acid and alcohol? Describe an alternate method of making

an ester that doesn't involve an acid catalyst. Describe how to distinguish between a carboxylic acid and an ester by IR spectroscopy. Describe how to distinguish between an alcohol and an ester by IR spectroscopy

Chemistry
1 answer:
djverab [1.8K]3 years ago
4 0

Answer:Acid catalyst is needed to increase the electrophilicity of Carbonyl group of Carboxylic acid as alcohol is a weak nucleophile.

Alternatively esters can be synthesised by converting carboxylic acid into acyl chloride using thionyl chloride(SOCl_{2} and then further treating acyl chloride with alcohol.

Carboxylic acid and esters can be easily distinguished on the basis of IR as carboxylic acid would contain a broad intense peak in 2500-3200cm_{-1} corresponding to OH stretching frequency whereas esters would not contain any such broad intense peak.

Alcohol and esters can also be distinguished using IR as alcohols would contain a broad intense peak at around 3200-3600cm_{-1}

Explanation: For the synthesis of esters using alcohol and carboxylic acid we need to add a little amount of acid in the reaction . The acid used here increases the electrophilicity of carbonyl carbon and hence makes it easier for a weaker nucleophile like alcohol to attack the carbonyl carbon of acid.

The oxygen of the carbonyl group is protonated using the acidic proton which  leads to the generation of positive charge on the oxygen. The positive charge generated is delocalised over the whole acid molecule and hence the electrophilicity of carbonyl group is increased. Kindly refer attachment for the structures.

If we simply mix the acid and alcohol then no appreciable reaction would take place between them and ester formation would not take place because the carboxylic acid in that case is not a good electrophile whereas alcohol is also not a very strong nucleophile which can attack the carbonyl group.

Alternatively we can use thionyl chloride or any other reagent which can convert the carboxylic acid into acyl chloride. Acyl chloride is very elctrophilic and alcohol can very easily attack the acyl chloride and esters could be synthesized.

The carboxylic acid and ester can very easily be distinguished on the basis of broad intense OH stretching frequency peak at around 2500-3200cm_{-1} . The broad intense OH stretching frequency peak is present in carboxylic acids as they contain OH groups and absent in case of esters .

Likewise esters and alcohols can also be distinguished on the basis IR spectra as alcohols will have broad intense spectra  at around 3200-3600cm_{-1}corresponding to OH stretching frequency whereas esters will not have any such peak. Rather esters would be having a Carbonyl stretching frequency at around 1720-1760

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3. Determine the moles of sodium, Na, containing 7.9x1024 atoms.​
-BARSIC- [3]

Answer:

12.7mol Na.

Explanation:

Hello there!

In this case, according to the concept of mole, which stands for the amount of substance, we can recall the concept of Avogadro's number whereby we understand that one mole of any substance contains 6.022x10²³ particles, for the given atoms of sodium, we can calculate the moles as shown below:

7.9x10^{23}atoms*\frac{1mol}{6.022x10^{23}atoms} \\\\

Thus, by performing the division we obtain:

12.7molNa

Regards!

8 0
3 years ago
If gatorade g series, endurance formula, contains 14 grams of carbohydrate per 8 ounces, how many ounces should a basketball pla
Mashcka [7]

Based on recommended amount of carbohydrate, a basketball player should consume about 17 - 34 ounces of gatorade g series during the hour-long game.

<h3>How many ounces of endurance formula gatorade g series, endurance formula should a basketball player consume during an hour-long game if it contains 14 grams of carbohydrate per 8 ounces?</h3>

Carbohydrates are food substances metabolized easily by the body to produce energy.

Given that the recommended amount of carbohydrate to consume to maintain performance is 30–60 g/h.

Also 14 grams of carbohydrate found in 8 ounces of the drink.

30 g of carbohydrate will be present in 30 × 8/14 = 17.1 ounces of gatorade g series

60 g of carbohydrate will be present in 60 × 8/14 =34.3 ounces of gatorade g series.

Therefore, a basketball player should consume about 17 - 34 ounces of gatorade g series during the hour-long game.

Learn more about carbohydrates at: brainly.com/question/797978

8 0
2 years ago
Which statement describes the energy changes that occur as bonds are broken and formed during a chemical reaction? 1.Energy is a
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Answer:

C

Explanation:

Br + Br-> Br2 (covalent bond)

bond formation releases energy, as the Br's are in a lower energy state like Br2

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If you add the same amount of heat to two different substances, will they both change phase?
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It depends on their melting and/or their boiling points, because the heat provides the particles with kinetic energy to break the electrosatic bonds in the substances, which can differ in strength

Explanation:

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ehidna [41]
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2 years ago
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