Radiowave, microwave, infrared radiation
8.948 I’m pretty sure I hope this helped
- Increase in melting point;
- Trans- arrangements of side chains around double bonds that remains in the hydrogenated fat.
Explanation:
Vegetable oil contain a larger ratio of double bonds among all its carbon-carbon bonds than animal fat such as butter does. Unlike carbon-carbon single bonds, structures connected to carbon-carbon double bonds are unable to rotate around the bonding axis. As a result, molecules rich in double bonds aren't as malleable or stack as tightly as those with a smaller number of double bonds do. The spacy molecular configuration hinders the formation of intermolecular forces, such that in nature in comparison with animal fats, vegetable <em>oils</em> tend to demonstrate lower melting points.
Hydrogenating vegetable oils reduce the number of double bonds per molecule while attaching extra hydrogen atoms to carbon atoms that used to form double bonds. This process would increase the strength of intermolecular interaction, hence raising the melting point.
The hydrogenation process does not necessary convert <em>all</em> double bonds to single bonds; some double bonds remains in the molecule, preventing the rotation of structures on their sides. Double bonds in naturally-occuring fatty acids tend to be of the cis- configuration, with hydrogen atoms connected to the same side of the carbon-carbon double bond. The high temperature involved in the hydrogenation process (around 90 degrees Celsius) can trigger the flipping of atoms connected to these double bonds to produce trans- fatty acids with hydrogen atoms bonded to opposite sides of the double bond.
Hydrogen bonding occurs between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom (e.g., oxygen, fluorine, chlorine). The bond is weaker than an ionic bond or a covalent bond, but stronger than van der Waals forces (5 to 30 kJ/mol). A hydrogen bond is classified as a type of weak chemical bond.
Transport of Na+ from a place of low concentration to a place of higher concentration. <u>This is the right answer.</u>
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The sodium-potassium pump is the most common and well-known example of active transport. At the cell membrane, the sodium-potassium pump moves 3 sodium ions out of the cell and two potassium ions into the cell per ATP. Examples of active transport include the uptake of glucose in the human intestine and the uptake of minerals and ions into the root hair cells of plants.
One of the greatest examples of active transport is the movement of calcium ions out of cardiomyocytes. Cells secrete proteins such as enzymes, antibodies, and various other peptide hormones. Amino acids are transported across the intestinal mucosa of the human intestine. The movement of ions or molecules across cell membranes to regions of a higher concentration is assisted by enzymes and requires energy.
Learn more about Active transport here:-brainly.com/question/25802833
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