Answer:
Earth's climate has changed throughout history. Just in the last 650,000 years there have been seven cycles of glacial advance and retreat, with the abrupt end of the last ice age about 11,700 years ago marking the beginning of the modern climate era — and of human civilization. Most of these climate changes are attributed to very small variations in Earth’s orbit that change the amount of solar energy our planet receives.
Explanation:
In short words , Earths climate went from cold this is due because ; of the global Ice Age. After the rock showers hit it released large amounts of carbon it heated up the atmosphere causing the word to have bacteria and grow livable life-forms again. 2021 we are producing too much carbon and this is leading factor of climate change not only is the earth already warm enough but its rapidly heating up. An example of this is ETC - "I live in CA and since the start of Autumn we haven't had and glimpse or foreshadowing of cold weather its been 80* everyday and hasn't dropped one bit not even in the morning."
Answer:
Amplitude is measured from the center line to the highest point in the waves.
Wavelength is the distance between one wave to the other from the highest point.
Frequency is the rate of the waves.
Answer:
With thermodynamics, one cannot determine <u>the speed of a reaction</u>.
Explanation:
Chemical thermodynamics, a branch of chemistry that deals with study of interrelation of the heat and the work with the chemical reactions or with the physical changes of the state within confines of laws of thermodynamics.
Chemical thermodynamics' structure is derived from first two laws of chemical thermodynamics. From fundamental equations of Gibbs, a multitude of some equations which relates thermodynamic properties of thermodynamic system can be derived and can be used to calculate the reaction spontaneity, equilibrium constant, etc.
<u>Thermodynamics predicts about the direction, feasibility and the extent of a chemical process, it does not tell anything about the rate at which a chemical process may proceed.</u>
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The structures of the isomers and the m/z values of their peaks are not given in the question. The complete question is provided in the attachment
Answer:
Compound 2 (2,5-dimethylhexane) will not have the peaks at 29 and 85 m/z
Explanation:
The fragmentation of molecules by electron ionization of mass spectrometer occurs according to Stevenson's Rule, which states that "The most probable fragmentation is the one that leaves the positive charge on the fragment with the lowest ionization energy". This is much like the Markovnikov's Rule in organic chemistry which has predicted the formation of most stable carbocation and the addition of hydrogen halide to it.
The mass spectra of compound 1 (2,4-dimethylhexane) will contain all the m/z values mentioned in the question. Each peak indicate towards homologous series of fragmentation product of the compound 1. The first peak can be attributed to ethyl carbocation (m/z = 29), with the increase of 14 units the next peak indicates towards propyl carbocation (m/z = 43) and onwards until molecular ion peak of 114 m/z.
Compound 2 (2,5-dimethylhexane) structure shows that the cleavage of C-C bond will not yield a stable ethyl and hexyl carbocation. Hence, no peaks will be observed at 29 and 85 m/z. The absence of these two peaks can be used to distinguish one isomer from the other.
