Answer:
See explanation and images attached
Explanation:
a) In the mechanism for the acid catalysed esterification of propanoic acid using ethanol, we can see that the first step is the protonation of the acid followed by nucleophillic attack of the alcohol. Loss of water and consequent deprotonation regenerates the acid catalyst. We can see the fate of the 18O labelled ethanol in the mechanism shown.
b) In the second mechanism, an unnamed ester is hydrolysed using an acid catalyst. The attack of the acid and subsequent nucleophillic attack of water labelled with 18O leads to the incorporation of this 18O into the product acid as shown in the mechanism attached to this answer.
Answer:
286 kPa
Explanation:
Boyles law states that volume of gas is inversely proportional to pressure o gas for a fixed amount of gas at constant temperature
P1V1 = P2V2
where P1 is pressure and V1 is volume at first instance
P2 is pressure and V2 is volume at the second instance
substituting the values in the equation
229 kPa x 4.0 L = P2 x 3.2 L
P2 = 286.25 kPa
the new pressure is 286 kPa
Answer: from the Zn anode to the Cu cathode
Justification:
1) The reaction given is: Zn(s) + Cu₂⁺ (aq) -> Zn²⁺ (aq) +Cu(s)
2) From that, you can see the Zn(s) is losing electrons, since it is being oxidized (from 0 to 2⁺), while Cu²⁺, is gaining electrons, since it is being reduced (from 2⁺ to 0).
3) Then, you can already tell that electrons go from Zn to Cu.
4) The plate where oxidation occurs is called anode, and the plate where reduction occus is called cathode.
So you get that the electrons flow from the anode (Zn) to the cathode (Cu).
Always oxidation occurs at the anode, and reduction occurs at the cathode.
