Answer:
Explanation:
From the given information, the LED is operating with a given wavelength of 850 nm or 0.85 μm.
Hence, the material dispersion is
Now, using the pulse spread formula:
Thus, the pulse spreading as a result of material dispersion is:
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(Answered by Benjemin)
One of the major limitations of using the ball and stick model for DNA, is that within a single double stranded segment of DNA, one would have to use many many balls to represent atoms that are present in the sugar phosphate backbone, along with all of the main atoms that compose the nitrogenous bases of DNA, we also cannot construct or show the helical form of DNA, by using balls and sticks as well.
In a real system of levers, wheels, or pulleys, the AMA is less than the IMA because of friction.
AMA (Actual mechanical advantage) is found by dividing output force by effort force. The actual mechanical advantage will always be less than the ideal mechanical advantage. The ideal mechanical advantage assumes perfect efficiency which doesn't account for friction, while actual mechanical advantage does. Therefore; the IMA is always greater than the actual mechanical advantage because all machines must overcome friction.