All you have to do is a simple division "parts over the whole"
12.3 grams H/ 110 grams compound x 100= 11.2%
If it has a positive charge it is a cation if negative it is an anion .
I attached a chart that will help you know the charges of the elements
It is really easy if you look up an electron configuration table (one that looks like a periodic table) and then just go down the rows left to right, top to bottom, and just stop when you get to where the element is on the table.
Answer:
Scientist used models to explain and predict the behavior of real object or system