Answer:
a. using the extra gas and heat from the kilns to generate electricity
Explanation:
Wiley Online Library
Energy Science & EngineeringVolume 5, Issue 2
Research Article Open Access
The generation of power from a cement kiln waste gases: a case study of a plant in Kenya
Stanley Ngari Irungu Peter Muchiri Jean Bosco Byiringiro
First published: 01 April 2017
https://doi.org/10.1002/ese3.153
Citations: 1
No funding information provided.
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Abstract
The cement production process is energy intensive both in terms of the thermal energy (firing the kiln, drying and De carbonation) and electrical energy for driving the numerous drives within the process line. The average specific power consumption of the case study plant was 111 kWh/ton of cement with an average peak demand of 9.7 MW. The high cost of electric power at 0.14 USD/kWh results in very high cost of production that significantly lowers the company's profit margin and limits its competitive advantage. The generation of electrical power from waste heat recovery would reduce the electricity power bill through partially substituting the power procured from the national grid. This research evaluated the potential that the plant has for generating electrical power from the hot waste gases vented into the atmosphere and it was found that the plant has the potential to generate 3.4 MWh of electrical power. This results to a net potential to generate 2.89 MWh of electrical power after factoring in the auxiliary power consumption by Waste heat recovery plant system at 15%. This ultimately gave a reduction of 33% in the electricity power bill of the case study plant. The paper recommends the installation of a steam rankine cycle for the power generating plant. In this work the authors designed the steam boilers for the waste heat recovery plant for conversion of thermal energy to electrical energy, selected a commercial steam turbine and evaluated its economic feasibility and established that the designed plant would have a simple payback period of 2.7 years.
Introduction
The cement manufacturing process is an energy intensive industry, both in terms of thermal and electrical energy. The cost of energy keeps on fluctuating and this negatively impact on the manufacturing cost and eventually lowers the competitiveness and profitability of the cement industry. The energy costs in a cement industry account for about 26% of the total manufacturing cost of cement which is in the form of electrical energy accounting for 25% of the input energy and 75% is thermal energy 1. Furthermore, the sources of thermal energy utilized in the cement industry are mostly nonrenewable and this necessitates deep consideration of energy conservation to guarantee sustainability.
The case study plant suffers financial loss as a result of higher per unit cost of power from the grid and the poor reliability of the supply. The poor reliability of supply negatively affects the kiln operations (the heart of operations) as a result of the sensitivity of the process to power quality resulting in high set up costs. This significantly raises the cost of production for the case study plant and eventually results in the loss of her competitive advantage.
The generation of Power from the cement kiln Waste Heat gases is an energy saving opportunity and it entails the recovery of the heat energy contained in the waste gases that are emitted into the atmosphere from the cement kiln. According to 2, the generation of Power from kiln Waste Heat Recovery is about conversion of the waste heat from the clinkering process into useful electrical energy. Cogeneration of power is achieved by utilizing this waste heat streams from the preheater and the cooler, passing the waste gases through boilers, which in turn generate steam which is used to turn/run turbines to generate electricity
the gas constant. Using the numbers and re-arranging the formula, we can calculate n: