a) 0.321 ly
b) 0.321 light years is not far in astronomical terms. Alien life would need to transmit at tremendous power in order for their radio transmissions to be detectable. Their radio signal also needs to be stronger than background noise in order to be distinguishable. Therefore it is unlikely that radio transmissions from alien life will ever be detected.
No waves because Q19 waves would going at the surface at regions
It is based on atomic number, which is the number of protons in the nuclei of the atoms of an element.
B. opposite charge and smaller mass
Convection is the movement caused within a fluid by the tendency of hotter and therefore less dense material to rise, and colder, denser material to sink under the influence of gravity, which consequently results in transfer of heat
