Is lithium a metal metalloid or non metal
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An Arrhenius base is a molecule that when dissolved in water will break down to yield an or hydroxide ion in solution.
An Arrhenius base is a compound that increases the ion concentration in aqueous solution.
An Arrhenius base is a substance that, when dissolved in an aqueous solution, increases the concentration of hydroxide, or , ions in the solution.
Bases Properties
Arrhenius bases that are soluble in water can conduct electricity.
Bases often have a bitter taste and are found in foods less frequently than acids. Many bases, like soaps, are slippery to the touch.
Bases also change the colour of indicators. Red litmus turns blue in the presence of a base (see figure below), while phenolphthalein turns pink.
Some bases react with metals to produce hydrogen gas.
Acids (pH < 7.0) react with bases (pH > 7.0) to produce a salt and water. When equal moles of an acid and a base are combined, the acid is neutralized by the base. The resulting mixture will have a more neutral pH.
An Arrhenius acid is a substance that dissociates in water to form hydrogen ions or protons. In other words, it increases the number of ions in the water. In contrast, an Arrhenius base dissociates in water to form hydroxide ions
.
Example, sodium hydroxide, is added to an aqueous solution. NaOH dissociates into sodium, , and hydroxide,
ions.
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I have provided the full reaction scheme for the synthesis of 4-methyl-3-hexanone from the reaction of acetylene and bromoethane. Acetylene is initially reacted with NaNH₂ which is a strong base that deprotonates the C-H of the acetylene which creates a carbon nucleophile which will then attack the electrophilic carbon containing the bromo in bromoethane. This is a simple sn2 substitution. Essentially an ethyl group is added to each side of the triple bond in acetylene.
With the 3-hexyne in hand, the triple bond is reduced using Lindlar's catalyst which will hydrogenate only to the alkene and stop. The 3-hexene is then reacted with a peroxycarboxylic acid which is used to epoxidize the alkene, to give the epoxide.
The epoxide is reacted with the grignard reagent which treats the methyl as a strong nucleophile. The methyl adds to one carbon of the epoxide and opens the ring. The acid is added at the end to protonate the alcohol.
Finally, the alcohol is oxidized with chromic acid which will oxidize a secondary alcohol to the ketone. The final product is 4-methyl-3-hexanone.
With the 3-hexyne in hand, the triple bond is reduced using Lindlar's catalyst which will hydrogenate only to the alkene and stop. The 3-hexene is then reacted with a peroxycarboxylic acid which is used to epoxidize the alkene, to give the epoxide.
The epoxide is reacted with the grignard reagent which treats the methyl as a strong nucleophile. The methyl adds to one carbon of the epoxide and opens the ring. The acid is added at the end to protonate the alcohol.
Finally, the alcohol is oxidized with chromic acid which will oxidize a secondary alcohol to the ketone. The final product is 4-methyl-3-hexanone.