Answer:
B. electrons and protons.
Explanation:
In an electrically neutral atom of any element, there are equal number of protons and electrons in the atom.
Protons are the positively charged particles in an atom.
Electrons are the negatively charged particles within the atom.
When the number of protons and electrons are the same or equal, the atom is neutral.
But when there is an imbalance, an ion results.
An orbital that penetrates into the region occupied by core electrons is less shielded from nuclear charge than an orbital that does not penetrate and therefore has a lower energy.
Explanation:
The only true statement from the given options is that "an orbital that penetrates into the region occupied by core electrons is less shielded from nuclear charge than an orbital that does not penetrate and therefore has a lower energy." Inner orbitals which are also known to contain core electrons feels the bulk of the nuclear pull on them compared to the outermost orbitals containing the valence electrons.
- The nuclear pull is the effect of the nucleus pulling and attracting the electrons in orbitals.
- This pull is stronger for inner orbitals and weak on the outer ones.
- The outer orbitals are said to be well shielded from the pull of the nuclear charge.
- Also, based on the quantum theory, electrons in the outer orbitals have higher energies because they occupy orbitals at having higher energy value.
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