Answer:
they are indeed very strong
1.54 x 10^-10 (ten to the negative tenth power)
Answer:

Explanation:
Hello there!
In this case, sine the solution of this problem require the application of the Raoult's law, assuming heptane is a nonvolatile solute, so we can write:

Thus, we first calculate the mole fraction of chloroform, by using the given masses and molar masses as shown below:

Therefore, the partial pressure of chloroform turns out to be:

Regards!
It gains or loses electrons to become like the Noble gases having 8 valence electrons to become the most stable.