Answer:
It is a well known fact that the earth rotates around the sun in an inclined axis which is approximately 23 degree. The inclined nature of earth axis causes variation in the solar heat received at any place on the earth surface. The hemisphere facing the sun due to this axial tilt, gets higher sun energy as compared to the opposite side. The hemisphere which faces the sun will experience summer whereas the hemisphere away from sun will experience winter.
In each of the hemisphere the polar areas will receive higher radiation and longer daytime during the summer season. However it has been observed that there is difference in radiation received at different areas of earth surface and radiated. The tropical areas have lower reflectance and thus a large part of incoming solar radiation have been absorbed along the tropics. The poles though have longer daytime during summer and hence greater solar radiation but due to high reflectance radiate more energy. Thus the tropical areas have surplus energy as compared to deficit energy areas of poles. This difference in energy creates a heat imbalance.
This net heat difference between poles and equator gives rise to a global circulation system leading to flow of heat from the net energy excess areas to deficit areas. This circulation takes place through atmosphere as well as oceans and different process of climate viz. evaporation, transpiration, rainfall, wind, convection, oceanic circulations etc work as tools of this system
Answer: D) All of the above
Explanation:
Burn rate can be affected by all of the above reasons as, variation in chamber pressure because the pressure are dependence on the burn rate and temperature variation in initial gain can affect the rate of the chemical reactions and initial gain in the temperature increased the burning rate. As, gas flow velocity also influenced to increasing the burn rate as it flowing parallel to the surface burning. Burn rate is also known as erosive burning because of the variation in flow velocity and chamber pressure.
This question is incomplete, the complete question is;
For a steel alloy it has been determined that a carburizing heat treatment of 11.3 h duration at Temperature T1 will raise the carbon concentration to 0.44 wt% at a point 1.8 mm from the surface. A separate experiment is performed at T2 that doubles the diffusion coefficient for carbon in steel.
Estimate the time necessary to achieve the same concentration at a 4.9 mm position for an identical steel and at the same carburizing temperature T2.
Answer:
the required time to achieve the same concentration at a 4.9 is 83.733 hrs
Explanation:
Given the data in the question;
treatment time t₁ = 11.3 hours
Carbon concentration = 0.444 wt%
thickness at surface x₁ = 1.8 mm = 0.0018 m
thickness at identical steel x₂ = 4.9 mm = 0.0049 m
Now, Using Fick's second law inform of diffusion
/ Dt = constant
where D is constant
then
/ t = constant
/ t₁ = / t₂
t₂ = t₁
t₂ = t₁ /
t₂ = ( / )t₁
t₂ = / × t₁
so we substitute
t₂ = 0.0049 / 0.0018 × 11.3 hrs
t₂ = 7.41 × 11.3 hrs
t₂ = 83.733 hrs
Therefore, the required time to achieve the same concentration at a 4.9 is 83.733 hrs
Answer:
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