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trapecia [35]
3 years ago
14

Reynolds number, for an aorta of 0.9-centimeter diameter, calculate the blood flow in liters per minute when the flow regime in

the aorta changes from laminar to turbulent. State assumptions and identify where data was obtained.
Chemistry
1 answer:
olga55 [171]3 years ago
7 0

Answer:

Flow in liters per minute is 4 L/min

Explanation:

For this case, we have an aorta of 0.9 cm of diameter (D). Let's suppose an uniform and constant diameter for calculation purposes.  

D = (0.9 cm)(1m/100cm)

D = 0.009 m

It is required to calculate the blood flow in liters per minute when the flow regime changes from laminar to turbulent. Laminar flow is usually less than 2500 for Reynolds value, and Turbulent flow when Re is higher than 2500. So, we need to study the phenomenon for  

Re = 2500.

Using the definition of Reynolds we can find the velocity average of the blood, and use it to find flow. Where blood density is \rho, aorta diameter is D, average velocity is v and blood viscosity is \mu

Re = \frac{\rho v D}{\mu } \\v = \frac{Re*\mu}{\rho D}

From data problem, we have Re, D values. As we need blood density and blood viscosity we can find them in medical studies. For example: in this online document: Blood flow analysis of the aortic arch using computational fluid dynamics †  

Satoshi Numata, Keiichi Itatani, Keiichi Kanda, Kiyoshi Doi, Sachiko Yamazaki, Kazuki Morimoto, Kaichiro Manabe, Koki Ikemoto, Hitoshi Yaku Author Notes  

European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Volume 49, Issue 6, June 2016, Pages 1578–1585, https://doi.org/10.1093/ejcts/ezv459  

Published: 20 January 2016

\rho = 1060 kg/m^3\\\mu = 0.0004 kg/(ms)\\

v = \frac{Re*\mu}{\rho D}\\v = \frac{2500 * 0.004 kg/(ms)}{(1060 kg/m3)(0.009 m)}\\v = 1.04 m/s\\

Average blood velocity is 1.04 m/s. After that, we can calculate the flow (Q) using the flow are (Ao) of aorta.

Q = v*Ao

Q = (1.4m/s)*(\pi*(0.009m/2)^2)\\Q = 6.67 * 10^-5 \frac{m^3}{s}\\Q = (6.67 * 10^-5 \frac{m^3}{s})(\frac{1000 L}{1 m^3} ) (\frac{60 s}{1 min} )\\Q = 4 L/min

Finally, the blood flow in liters per minute is 4 L/min when the flow regime in the aorta changes from laminar to turbulent.

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Answer:

390 m

Explanation:

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What volume in liters of carbon monoxide will be required to produce 18.9 L of nitrogen in the reaction below
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So therefore, we can say:

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8 0
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identify the reagents you would use to convert each of the following compounds into pentanoic acid: (a) 1-pentene (b) 1-bromobut
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a) The conversion of 1-pentane to pentanoic acid using BH3, also known as hydroboration-oxidation, is a two-step reaction involving the reaction of 1-pentane with borane (BH3), followed by oxidation of the resulting 1-pentylborane with hydrogen peroxide or other oxidizing agents.

In the first step, 1-pentane reacts with borane (BH3) to form 1-pentylborane, through a process known as hydroboration. This reaction is catalyzed by a Lewis acid, such as aluminum chloride, and proceeds via a hydride transfer from the borane to the 1-pentane.

In the second step, the 1-pentylborane is oxidized to pentanoic acid using hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) or other suitable oxidizing agents. The oxidation is catalyzed by an acid, such as hydrochloric acid (HCl), and proceeds via a proton transfer from the 1-pentylborane to the hydrogen peroxide. The end result is the conversion of 1-pentane to pentanoic acid.

The overall chemical reaction for the conversion of 1-pentane to pentanoic acid using borane (BH₃) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) is as follows:

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b)The conversion of 1-Bromo butane to pentanoic acid using sodium cyanide (NaCN) proceeds via a nucleophilic substitution reaction. The reaction mechanism involves the following steps:

1. Attack of the nucleophile, NaCN, on the carbon atom of 1-Bromo butane to form a tetrahedral intermediate.

2. Loss of a proton from the tetrahedral intermediate to form a carbanion.

3. Protonation of the carbanion by water (or another proton source) to form pentanoic acid.

The overall reaction can be represented as follows:

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To know more about reagents, click below:

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