A common rule of thumb for controller discretization is to have "6 samples per rise time" in order to achieve a reasonable appro
ximation of the CT controller, without wasting computing resources. Derive the effect on PM that this choice will have. Also derive the relationship of this choice to the effective Nyquist rate for the closed-loop system.
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Answer: LED have the lowest cost of operation.
Explanation:
If we ignore the initial procurement cost of the items the operational cost of any device consuming electricity is given by
Among the three item's LED consumes the lowest power to give the same level of brightness as compared to the other 2 item's thus LED's shall have the lowest operational cost.