Explanation:
It is given that,
Radius of loop, r = 78 mm = 0.078 m
Current, I = 114 A
(a) Magnetic field strength of the circular loop is given by :


B = 0.000918 T
or

(b) Energy density at the center of the loop is given by :



Hence, this is the required solution.
Solution :
The distance between the starting point and the end point,
= 10 light years
But due to the relativistic motion of Bob and Charlie, the distance will be reduced following the Lorentz contraction. The contracted length will be different since they are moving with different speeds.
For Bob,
Speed of Bob's rocket with respect to Alice, 
So the distance appeared to Bob due to the length contraction,



Therefore, the time required to finish the race by Bob is


= 10.143 year
For Charlie,
Speed of Charlie's rocket with respect to Alice, 
So the distance appeared to Charlie due to the length contraction,



The time required to finish the race by Charlie is


= 5.77 year
Answer:
C) Mass of the ball
Explanation:
Independent variable is the variable the researcher changes.
Since Martin is testing the mass of the ball, he'll be using different balls and that is the only thing he changes.
The distance traveled by the ball is the dependent variable since it depends on the mass of the ball.
The height and length of the ramp are the constant variables since that's the only ones that remain the same throughout this experiment.