Explanation:
The temperature of the solar nebula was decreasing as it moved away from its center. Therefore, only heavy elements could condense in the inner solar system and terrestrial planets could not form with light elements, such as gases. In the outer solar system, the Jovian planets formed mostly with gases, since temperatures were too low to allow rocky compositions.
Radio Telescopes measures the galaxy's distribution of stars, galaxies, blackholes and other astronomical objects. It is used to study naturally -occuring radio light which is emitted by these astronomical bodies. Radio observatories are located far away from major cities to avoid electromagnetic interference from radio, televisions and radar.
n₂ = index of refraction of glass = 1.58
n₁ = index of refraction of air = 1
θ = Brewster's angle
Brewster's angle is that incident angle at which the the reflected light from the interface of two medium is completely polarized.
Brewster's angle is given as
θ = tan⁻¹(n₂ /n₁ )
θ = tan⁻¹(1.58/1 )
θ = 57.7 deg
hence the Brewster's angle comes out to be 57.7 deg
As opposed to ionic bonding in which a complete transfer of electrons occurs, covalent bonding occurs when two (or more) elements share electrons. Covalent bonding occurs because the atoms in the compound have a similar tendency for electrons (generally to gain electrons).
