Consider a resistor made of pure silicon with a cross-sectional area pf 0.5 μm2, and a length of 50 μm. What is the resistance o
1 answer:
You might be interested in
Answer:
minimum current level required = 8975.95 amperes
Explanation:
Given data:
diameter = 5.5 mm
length = 5.0 mm
T = 0.3
unit melting energy = 9.5 j/mm^3
electrical resistance = 140 micro ohms
thickness of each of the two sheets = 3.5mm
Determine the minimum current level required
first we calculate the volume of the weld nugget
v = =
= 118.73 mm^3
next calculate the required melting energy
= volume of weld nugget * unit melting energy
= 118.73 * 9.5 = 1127.94 joules
next find the actual required electric energy
= required melting energy / efficiency
= 1127 .94 / ( 1/3 ) = 3383.84 J
TO DETERMINE THE CURRENT LEVEL REQUIRED use the relation below
electrical energy = I^2 * R * T
3383.84 / R*T = I^2
3383.84 / (( 140 * 10^-6 ) * 0.3 ) = I^2
therefore 8975.95 = I ( current )
Answer:
See the explanation below.
Explanation:
First find the enthalpies h₁, h₂, h₃, h₄, h₅, and h₆.
Find h₁:
Using Saturated Water Table and given pressure p₁ = 100 kPa
h₁ = 417.5 kJ/kg
Find h₂:
In order to find h₂, add the to h₁, where
is the work done by pump and h₁ is the enthalpy computed above h₁ = 417.5 kJ/kg.
But first we need to compute To computer
Pressures:
p₁ = 100 kPa
p₂ = 15,000 kPa
and
Using saturated water pressure table, the volume of water = 1.0432
Dividing 1.0432/1000 gives us:
Volume of water = v₁ = 0.001043 m³/kg
Compute the value of h₂:
h₂ = h₁ + v₁ (p₂ - p₁)
= 417.5 kJ/kg + 0.001043 m³/kg ( 15,000 kPa - 100 kPa)
= 417.5 + 0.001043 (14900)
= 417.5 + 15.5407
= 433.04 kJ/kg
Find h₃
Using steam table:
At pressure p₃ = 15000 kPa
and Temperature = T₃ = 450°C
Then h₃ = 3159 kJ/kg
The entropy s₃ = 6.14 kJ/ kg K
Find h₄
Since entropy s₃ is equal to s₄ So
s₄ = 6.14 kJ/kgK
To compute h₄
s₄ = +
= 6.14 - 2.45 / 3.89
= 0.9497
The enthalpy h₄:
h₄ =
= 908.4 + 0.9497(1889.8)
= 908.4 + 1794.7430
= 2703 kJ/kg
This can simply be computed using the software for steam tables online. Just use the entropy s₃ = 6.14 kJ/ kg K and pressure p₄ = 2000 kPa
Find h₅
Using steam table:
At pressure p₅ = 2000 kPa
and Temperature = T₅ = 450°C
Then h₅ = 3358 kJ/kg
Find h₆:
Since the entropy s₅ = 7.286 kJ/kgK is equal s₆ to So
s₆ = 7.286 kJ/kgK = 7.29 kJ/kgK
To compute h₆
s₆ = +
= 7.29 - 1.3028 / 6.0562
= 0.988
The enthalpy h₆:
h₆ =
= 417.51 + 0.988 (2257.5)
= 417.51 + 2230.41
h₆ = 2648 kJ/kg
This can simply be computed using the software for steam tables online. Just use the entropy s₅ = 7.286 kJ/kgK and pressure p₅ = 2000 kPa
Compute power used by pump:
is found by using:
mass flow rate = m = 1.74 kg/s
Volume of water = v₁ = 0.001043 m³/kg
p₁ = 100 kPa
p₂ = 15,000 kPa
= ( m ) ( v₁ ) ( p₂ - p₁ )
= (1.74 kg/s) (0.001043 m³/kg) (15,000 kPa - 100 kPa)
= (1.74 kg/s) (0.001043 m³/kg) (14900)
= 27.04
= 27 kW
Compute heat added and heat rejected
from boiler using computed enthalpies:
= ( h₃ - h₂ ) + ( h₅ - h₄ )
= ( 3159 kJ/kg - 433.04 kJ/kg ) + ( 3358 kJ/kg - 2703 kJ/kg )
= 2726 + 655
= 3381 kJ/kg
= h₆ - h₁
= 2648 kJ/kg - 417.5 kJ/kg
= 2232 kJ/kg
Compute net work
W =
-
= 3381 kJ/kg - 2232 kJ/kg
= 1150 kJ/kg
Compute power produced by the cycle
mass flow rate = m = 1.74 kg/s
W = 1150 kJ/kg
P = m * W
= 1.74 kg/s * 1150 kJ/kg
= 2001 kW
Compute rate of heat transfer in the reheater
Q = m * ( h₅ - h₄ )
= 1.74 kg/s * 655
= 1140 kW
Compute Thermal efficiency of this system
μ = 1 -
/
= 1 - 2232 kJ/kg / 3381 kJ/kg
= 1 - 0.6601
= 0.34
= 34%