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erastovalidia [21]
3 years ago
7

A car is traveling at sea level at 78 mi/h on a 4% upgrade before the driver sees a fallen tree in the roadway 150 feet away. Th

e coefficient of road adhesion is 0.8. The car weighs 2700 lb, has a drag coefficient of 0.35, a frontal area of 18 ft2, and a coefficient of rolling friction approximated as 0.017 for all speed conditions. The car has an antilock braking system that gives it a braking efficiency of 100%. If the driver first applies the brakes 150 ft from the tree, how fast will the car be traveling when it reaches the tree? Include the effect of aerodynamic resistance.
Engineering
1 answer:
Dmitrij [34]3 years ago
8 0

Answer: V = 47.7 mi/hr

Explanation:

first we calculate elements of aero-dynamic resistance

Ka = p/2 * CD * A.f

p is the density of air(0.002378 slugs/ft^3) for zero altitude, CD is the drag coefficient(0.35) and A.f is the front region of the vehicle

so we substitute

Ka = 0.002378/2 * 0.35 * 18

Ka = 0.00749

Now we calculate the final speed of the vehicle (V2) using the relation;

S = (YbW/2gKa)In[ (UW + KaV1^2 + FriW ± Wsinθg) / (UW + KaV2^2 + FriW ± Wsinθg)

so

WE SUBSTITUTE

150 = (1.04 * 2700 / 2 * 32.2 * 0.0075) In [(0.8 * 2700 + 0.0075 *(78mil/hr * 5280ft/1min * 1hr/3600s)^2 + 0.017 * 2700 ± 2700 * 0.04) / (0.8 * 2700 + 0.0075 * V2^2 + 0.017 * 2700 ± 2700 * 0.04)]

150 = (2808/0.483) In [(2160 + 98.16 + 153.9) / ( 2160 + 0.0075V2^2 + 153.9)]

150 = 5813.66 In [ (2160 + 98.16 + 153.9) / ( 2160 + 0.0075V2^2 + 153.9)]

divide both sides by 5813.66

0.0258 = In [ (2412.06) / ( 0.0075V2^2 + 2313.9)]

take the e^ of both side

e^0.0258 = (2412.06) / ( 0.0075V2^2 + 2313.9)

1.0261 = (2412.06) / ( 0.0075V2^2 + 2313.9)]

(0.0075V2^2 + 2313.9) = 2412.06 / 1.0261

(0.0075V2^2 + 2313.9) = 2350.7

0.0075V2^2 = 2350.7 - 2313.9

0.0075V2^2 = 36.8

V2^2 = 36.8 / 0.0075

V2^2 = 4906.6666

V2 = √4906.6666

V2 = 70.0476 ft/s

converting to miles per hour

V2 = 70.0476 ft/s * 1 mil / 5280 ft * 3600s / 1hr

V = 47.7 mi/hr

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Answer:

Explanation:

For automobile emission, a uniform standard is preferred, because no unnecessary advantage is given by it to any company that is located in particular states where the regional standards are less severe.

Since pollution has its impact across the states and in the whole of the USA, then there should be uniform standards across all the states. It will also invalidate the impact of regional standards as a factor in the selection of plant locations for the automobile company. It means that a state offering less valid emission standards, will attract more companies to herself and it will be against the other states who care more about the natural environment. It can make more states to opt for the permissive emission standards, that will be more harmful to the USA as a country, than the good. So, a uniform standard is preferred to eliminate it as a factor in plant location decisions.

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3 years ago
Water at atmospheric pressure boils on the surface of a large horizontal copper tube. The heat flux is 90% of the critical value
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Answer:

The tube surface temperature immediately after installation is 120.4°C and after prolonged service is 110.8°C

Explanation:

The properties of water at 100°C and 1 atm are:

pL = 957.9 kg/m³

pV = 0.596 kg/m³

ΔHL = 2257 kJ/kg

CpL = 4.217 kJ/kg K

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When the water boils on the surface its heat flux is:

q=0.149h_{fg} \rho _{v} (\frac{\sigma (\rho _{L}-\rho _{v})}{\rho _{v}^{2} }  )^{1/4} =0.149*2257*0.596*(\frac{58.9x10^{-3}*(957.9-0.596) }{0.596^{2} } )^{1/4} =18703.42W/m^{2}

For copper-water, the properties are:

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The heat flux is:

qn = 0.9 * 18703.42 = 16833.078 W/m²

q_{n} =uK(\frac{g(\rho_{L}-\rho _{v})     }{\sigma })^{1/2} (\frac{c_{pL}*deltaT }{c_{fg}h_{fg}Pr  } \\16833.078=279x10^{-6} *2257x10^{3} (\frac{9.8*(957.9-0.596)}{0.596} )^{1/2} *(\frac{4.127x10^{3}*delta-T }{0.0128*2257x10^{3}*1.76 } )^{3} \\delta-T=20.4

The tube surface temperature immediately after installation is:

Tinst = 100 + 20.4 = 120.4°C

For rough surfaces, Cfg = 0.0068. Using the same equation:

ΔT = 10.8°C

The tube surface temperature after prolonged service is:

Tprolo = 100 + 10.8 = 110.8°C

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