Atomic physicists usually ignore the effect of gravity within an atom. To see why, we may calculate and compare the magnitude of
the ratio of the electrical force and gravitational force between an electron and a proton separated by a distance of 1 m. 1. What is the magnitude of the electrical force?
The Coulomb constant is 8.98755 x 10^9 N*m^2/C^2 , the gravitational constant is 6.67259 x 10^11 m^3 /kg*s^2 , the mass of a proton is 1.67262 x 10^-27 kg, the mass of an electron is 9.10939 x 10^−31 kg, and the elemental charge is 1.602 x 10^-19 C. Answer in units of N.
Transverse waves are always characterized by particle motion being perpendicular to wave motion. A longitudinal wave is a wave in which particles of the medium move in a direction parallel to the direction that the wave moves.