Explanation:
P1V1 = nRT1
P2V2 = nRT2
Divide one by the other:
P1V1/P2V2 = nRT1/nRT2
From which:
P1V1/P2V2 = T1/T2
(Or P1V1 = P2V2 under isothermal conditions)
Inverting and isolating T2 (final temp)
(P2V2/P1V1)T1 = T2 (Temp in K).
Now P1/P2 = 1
V1/V2 = 1/2
T1 = 273 K, the initial temp.
Therefore, inserting these values into above:
2 x 273 K = T2 = 546 K, or 273 C.
Thus, increasing the temperature to 273 C from 0C doubles its volume, assuming ideal gas behaviour. This result could have been inferred from the fact that the the volume vs temperature line above the boiling temperature of the gas would theoretically have passed through the origin (0 K) which means that a doubling of temperature at any temperature above the bp of the gas, doubles the volume.
From the ideal gas equation:
V = nRT/P or at constant pressure:
V = kT where the constant k = nR/P. Therefore, theoretically, at 0 K the volume is zero. Of course, in practice that would not happen since a very small percentage of the volume would be taken up by the solidified gas.
The amount of matter in an object is consisted to be MASS .
The element which would have the lowest electronegativity is: an element with a small number of valence electrons and a large atomic radius.
Atomic radii can be defined as a measure of the size (distance) of the atom of a chemical element such as hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen etc, typically from the nucleus to the valence electrons. The atomic radius of a chemical element decreases across the periodic table, typically from alkali metals (group one elements such as hydrogen, lithium and sodium) to noble gases (group eight elements such as argon, helium and neon). Also, the atomic radius of a chemical element increases down each group of the periodic table, typically from top to bottom (column).
Generally, atoms with relatively large atomic radii tend to have a low electronegativity, ionization energy and a low electron affinity.
Valence electrons can be defined as the number of electrons present in the outermost shell of an atom. Thus, number of valence electrons is typically used to determine the chemical properties of elements such as electronegativity.
Electronegativity can be defined as the ability or tendency of the atom of an chemical element to attract any shared pair of electrons.
In conclusion, a chemical element that has small number of valence electrons and a large atomic radius would have the lowest electronegativity.
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Warmer atoms expand. There is also more movement. This is also explained when putting it into terms with solid vs. gas. in a solid, the atoms vibrate, but they can't move very far because there is not a lot of space between them. In a gas, on the other hand, the atoms are spread apart, and they move very fast. Putting it into context with water, the steam (gas) version is hot, and the ice cube (solid) version is cold.
