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kherson [118]
3 years ago
12

Suppose you designed a spacecraft to work by photon pressure. The sail was a completely absorbing fabric of area 1.0 km2 and you

directed a laser beam of wavelength 650 nm onto it at a rate of 1 mol of photons per second from a base on the moon. The spacecraft has a mass of 1.0 kg. Given that, after a period of acceleration from standstill, speed = (force/mass) x time, how many minutes would it take for the craft to accelerate to a speed of 1.0 m/s (about 2.2 mph)?
Physics
1 answer:
Alekssandra [29.7K]3 years ago
4 0

Answer:

(a) F = 6.14 *10⁻⁴ N

(b) P = 6.14* 10⁻¹⁰ Pa

(c) t = 27.2 min

Explanation:

Area of sail A = 1.0 km² = 1.0 * 10⁶m²

Wavelength of light  λ = 650 nm = 650 * 10⁻⁹ m

Rate of impact of photons R = 1 mol/s = 6.022 * 10²³ photons/s

(a)

Momentum of each photon is Ρ = h/λ = 6.625 * 10⁻³⁴ / 650 * 10⁻⁹

      = 1.0192 * 10⁻²⁷ kg.m/s

Since the photons are absorbed completely, in every collision the above momentum is transferred to the sail.  

Momentum transferred to the sail per second is product of rate of impact of photons and momentum transferred by each photon.

dp/dt = R * h/ λ

This is the force acting on the sail.

F = R * h/λ = 6.022 * 10²³ * 1.0192 * 10⁻²⁷ = 6.14 *10⁻⁴ N

F = 6.14 *10⁻⁴ N

b)

Pressure exerted by the radiation on the sail = Force acting on the sail / Area of the sail

P = F/A =  6.14 * 10⁻⁴ / 1.0 * 10⁶ =  6.14* 10⁻¹⁰ Pa

P = 6.14* 10⁻¹⁰ Pa

c)  

Acceleration of spacecraft a = F/m = 6.14 * 10⁻⁴ /1.0 = 6.14 * 10⁻⁴m/s²

As the spacecraft starts from rest, initial speed u=0,m/s ,

final speed is u = 1.0 m/s after time t  

v = u+at  

t = 1.0 - 0/ 6.14 * 10⁻⁴ =  1629s = 27.2 min

t = 27.2 min

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Explanation:

Things you need to know:

Accuracy refers to the maximum error encountered when a particular observation is made.

Error in measurement is normally one-half the magnitude of the smallest scale reading.

Because one has to align one end of the rule or device to the starting point of the measurement, the appropriate error is thus twice that of the smallest scale reading.

Error is usually expressed in at most 1 or 2 significant figures.

Tape

Equipment: It is made up of a long flexible tape and can measure objects or places up to 10 – 50 m in length. It has markings similar to that of the rigid rule. The smallest marking could be as small as 0.1 cm or could be as large as 0.5 cm or even 1 cm.

How to use: The zero-mark of the measuring tape is first aligned flat to one end of the object and the tape is stretched taut to the other end, the reading is taken where the other end of the object meets the tape.

Ruler

Equipment: It is made up of a long rigid piece of wood or steel and can measure objects up to 100 cm in length. The smallest marking is usually 0.1 cm.

How to use: The zero-end of the rule is first aligned flat with one end of the object and the reading is taken where the other end of the object meets the rule.

Vernier Caliper

Equipment: It is made up of a main scale and a vernier scale and can usually measure objects up to 15 cm in length. The smallest marking is usually 0.1 cm on the main scale.

It has:

a pair of external jaws to measure external diameters

a pair of internal jaws to measure internal diameters

a long rod to measure depths

How to use: The jaws are first closed to find any zero errors. The jaws are then opened to fit the object firmly and the reading is then taken.

Micrometer Screw Gauge

Equipment: It is made up of a main scale and a thimble scale and can measure objects up to 5 cm in length. The smallest marking is usually 1 mm on the main scale (sleeve) and 0.01 mm on the thimble scale (thimble). The thimble has a total of 50 markings representing 0.50 mm.

It has:

an anvil and a spindle to hold the object

a ratchet on the thimble for accurate tightening (prevent over-tightening)

How to use: The spindle is first closed on the anvil to find any zero errors ( use the ratchet for careful tightening). The spindle is then opened to fit the object firmly (use the ratchet for careful tightening) and the reading is then taken.

5 0
3 years ago
The idea that John Marshall, the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, singularly established the principle of judicial revi
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Answer:

c. Was an idea created and supported by Congress.

Explanation:

The idea that John Marshall, the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, singularly established the principle of judicial review in Marbury v. Madison(1803) was an idea created and supported by Congress.

8 0
3 years ago
Long Jump: inital center of mass height of 1.08 m, final center of mass height of 0.42 m, projection velocity of 8.7 m/s, projec
sammy [17]

Answer:

1) The maximum jump height is reached at A. 0.337s

2) The maximum center of mass height off of the ground is B. 1.64m

3) The time of flight is C. 0.834s

4) The distance of jump is B. 7.49m

Explanation:

First of all we need to decompose velocity in its rectangular components, so

v_{xi}=8.7m/s(cos 22.3\°)=8.05m/s= constant\\v_{yi}=8.7m/s(sin 22.3\°)=3.3m/s

1) We use, v_{fy}=v_{iy}-gt, as we clear it for t and using the fact that v_{fy}=0 at max height, we obtain t=\frac{v_{iy}}{g} =\frac{3.3m/s}{9,8m/s^{2}} =0.337s

2) We can use the formula y_{max}=y_{i}+v_{iy}t-\frac{gt^{2}}{2} for t=0.337s, so

y_{max}=1.08m+(3.3m/s)(0.337s)-\frac{(9.8m/s^{2})(0.337)^{2}}{2}=1.64m

3) We can use the formula y_{f}=y_{i}+v_{iy}t-\frac{gt^{2}}{2}, to find total time of fligth, so 0.42=1.08+3.3t-\frac{(9.8)t^{2}}{2}\\0=-4.9t^{2}+3.3t+0.66, as it is a second-grade polynomial, we find that its positive root is t=0.834s

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x=6.71m+0.77m=7.48m, aprox x=7.49m

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3 years ago
If the potential difference across the bulb in a camping lantern is 9.0 V, what is the
Gre4nikov [31]

Answer:

9V

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Internal resistance are usually little resistances in the supply.

4 0
2 years ago
Explain the meaning and use of the following acronyms: HELIOS, Exo-FMS, HAZMAT, NIRSpec.​
adelina 88 [10]

Answer:

HELIOS- The god of the sun in

HAZMAT-Hazardous materials

NIRSpec- Near Infrared Spectrograph

Explanation:

4 0
1 year ago
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