Answer:
Energy sources do not have 100% efficiency because <em>the processes of energy conversion to usable forms involves energy losses. </em>
Some have lower efficiencies due to; <u>energy losses in form of heat</u> during conversion, <u>poor technology applied during conversion</u> of energy and<u> lack of desire equipment</u> to use in the energy conversion system.
Explanation:
The desired form of energy for use is derived from conversion of energy from the source using an energy converter into another form which is usable. The efficiency of the energy converter is calculated as;
л = output energy/input energy
The efficiency of energy is limited to the cost of equipment required for conversion from energy source by the energy converter to a form which is usable. Additionally, because energy sources are scarce, the technology to use in energy conversion is a factor affecting energy efficiency in that high efficiency will require advanced technology with better equipment leading higher costs of that energy form. when heat losses are involved during energy conversion, efficiency lowers, thus its better if such losses are used as energy input in another system.
Answer:
1. three-dimensional bonding
Diamond
2. Hardest natural substance
diamond
3. Used as lubricant
Graphite
4. nonconductor
Diamond
5. Weak, planar bonds
Graphite
6.Carbon black or soot
Amorphous
Explanation;
sorry im late, hopefully this can help somebody :)
Answer:
- What distinguish a solution in general from an aqueous solution is the solvent. A solution in general may contain any solvent, which may be solid, liquid or gas, while an aqueous solution is formed with water as solvent.
Explanation:
A solution in general is a homogeneous mixture in which a substance, named solute, is dissolved, in other substance, name solvent.
Solutions may be in solid, liquid or gas state. There are many kind of solvents. Usually, in a lab you work with liquid solutions. Some liquid solvents are: ethanol, glycerin, hexane, benzene, and water, among many others.
Aqueous solution is a solution where the solvent is water. Of course, the solute may be any one: NaCl, sugar, ethanol, an acid, a base, a salt.
What distinguish a solution in general and an aqueous solution is the solvent.
<h2>
Answer</h2>
Bromination:
Any reaction or process in which bromine (and no other elements) are introduced into a molecule.
Bromonium Ion:
The bromonium ion is formed when alkenes react with bromine. When the π cloud of the alkene (acting as a nucleophile) approaches the bromine molecule (acting as an electrophile), the σ-bond electrons of Br2 are pushed away, resulting in the departure of the bromide anion.(2)
Mechanism:
Step 1:
In the first step of the reaction, a bromine molecule approaches the electron-rich alkene carbon–carbon double bond. The bromine atom closer to the bond takes on a partial positive charge as its electrons are repelled by the electrons of the double bond. The atom is electrophilic at this time and is attacked by the pi electrons of the alkene [carbon–carbon double bond]. It forms for an instant a single sigma bond to both of the carbon atoms involved (2). The bonding of bromine is special in this intermediate, due to its relatively large size compared to carbon, the bromide ion is capable of interacting with both carbons which once shared the π-bond, making a three-membered ring. The bromide ion acquires a positive formal charge. At this moment the halogen ion is called a "bromonium ion".
Step 2:
When the first bromine atom attacks the carbon–carbon π-bond, it leaves behind one of its electrons with the other bromine that it was bonded to in Br2. That other atom is now a negative bromide anion and is attracted to the slight positive charge on the carbon atoms. It is blocked from nucleophilic attack on one side of the carbon chain by the first bromine atom and can only attack from the other side. As it attacks and forms a bond with one of the carbons, the bond between the first bromine atom and the other carbon atoms breaks, leaving each carbon atom with a halogen substituent.
In this way the two halogens add in an anti addition fashion, and when the alkene is part of a cycle the dibromide adopts the trans configuration.
Answer:
To gain stability
Explanation:
If the outermost shell is not completely filled with electrons, the element has one of the three options: gaining electrons, losing electrons or sharing electrons. By gaining or losing electrons, ionic compounds are produced. Sharing of electrons results in the formation of covalent compounds.
