Those tails are called hydrophobic. You can note the etymology: hydro= water, phobi = fear, aversion, dislike.
Phospholipds' tail is a long non polar chain, made of Carbon and Hydorgens, that rejects water (a polar solvent) and is attracted to non-polar compounds (oil for example). That is why that tails can atract dirt.
To cut this short and for your understanding, ionic bond is formed between metals (mostly right column in periodic table). Covalent bond is formed between non-metals (mostly left column in periodic table). So polar covalent is also a covalent bond but it is polar, which means the shape of molecules are not symmetrical hence maybe an atom in a molecule has most of the electron attracted to it causing itself to be partial negative (since electron are negatively charged) and the other atom has its electron being attracted by others became partial positive. Polar covalent can also be when H atom is binding either to F, O or N (also known as hydrogen bond).
Answer : The reaction is endothermic.
Explanation :
Formula used :
where,
= change in temperature = 
Q = heat involved in the dissolution of KCl = ?
m = mass = 0.500 + 50.0 = 50.5 g
c = specific heat of resulting solution = 
Now put all the given value in the above formula, we get:
The heat involved in the dissolution of KCl is positive that means as the change in temperature decreases then the reaction is endothermic and as the change in temperature increases then the reaction is exothermic.
Hence, the reaction is endothermic.
I would say the answer is emissions. These are the particles that are not supposed to be present in air but due to the production of different substances from humans daily activities these substances go with the air we breath. Hope this helped.
