Scientists measure the time between the arrival of an earthquake's __P____ and ___S____ waves to help determine the distance between the recording seismograph and the earthquake epicenter.
Explanation:
P- (compressional) and S- (shear) waves produced in earthquakes travel at different speeds. P waves are faster than S waves and hence will be detected first by a seismograph after an earthquake. The further away a seismograph is from the epicenter of an earthquake, the longer the time difference between the two (2) waves will be.
Using several, at least 3, seismographs located at different geoghraphical locations and detecting earthquakes, geologists can extrapolate the epicenter of an earthquake using the time differences in arrivals of the two waves in each of the seismographs, using the mathematics of triangulation.
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Answer:
-611.32 N/C
0.43723 m
Explanation:
k = Coulomb constant = 
q = Charge = -4.25 nC
r = Distance from particle = 0.25 m
Electric field is given by

The magnitude is 611.32 N/C
The electric field will point straight down as the sign is negative towards the particle.

The distance from the electric field is 1.71436 m
Protons, electrons, and neutrons. The nucleus (center) of the atom contains the protons (positively charged) and the neutrons (no charge).