Explanation:
Suppose you want to shine a flashlight beam down a long, straight hallway. Just point the beam straight down the hallway -- light travels in straight lines, so it is no problem. What if the hallway has a bend in it? You could place a mirror at the bend to reflect the light beam around the corner. What if the hallway is very winding with multiple bends? You might line the walls with mirrors and angle the beam so that it bounces from side-to-side all along the hallway. This is exactly what happens in an optical fiber.
The light in a fiber-optic cable travels through the core (hallway) by constantly bouncing from the cladding (mirror-lined walls), a principle called total internal reflection. Because the cladding does not absorb any light from the core, the light wave can travel great distances.
However, some of the light signal degrades within the fiber, mostly due to impurities in the glass. The extent that the signal degrades depends on the purity of the glass and the wavelength of the transmitted light (for example, 850 nm = 60 to 75 percent/km; 1,300 nm = 50 to 60 percent/km; 1,550 nm is greater than 50 percent/km). Some premium optical fibers show much less signal degradation -- less than 10 percent/km at 1,550 nm.
1
The mass number of an isotope is the sum of the numbers of protons and the numbers of the neutron. Given that the mass number is 65 and the number of neutrons is 35, the number of protons is 30. The atom is then Zinc (Zn). The charge is equal to +2, as it lacks 2 more electrons.
Answer:
475
Explanation:
Cori does not exert any more force than 475 J, so 475 is the answer.
Answer:
ℏ
Given:
Principle quantum number, n = 2
Solution:
To calculate the maximum angular momentum,
, we have:
(1)
where,
l = azimuthal quantum number or angular momentum quantum number
Also,
n = 1 + l
2 = 1 + l
l = 1
Now,
Using the value of l = 1 in eqn (1), we get:

ℏ