The crash rate per mile is.

The Ethernet (CSMA/CD) alternates between contention intervals and successful transmissions. Assume a 100 Mbps Ethernet over 1 k

Vesnalui [34]

<h3><u>CSMA/CD Protocol: </u></h3>

Carrier sensing can transmit the data at anytime only the condition is before sending the data sense carrier if the carrier is free then send the data.

But the problem is the standing at one end of channel, we can’t send the entire carrier. Because of this 2 stations can transmit the data (use the channel) at the same time resulting in collisions.

There are no acknowledgement to detect collisions, It's stations responsibility to detect whether its data is falling into collisions or not.

<u>Example: </u>

$T_{P}=1 H r$ , at time t = 10.00 AM, A starts, 10:59:59 AM B starts at time 11:00 AM collision starts.

12:00 AM A will see collisions

Pocket Size to detect the collision.

$\begin{aligned}&T_{t} \geq 2 T_{P}\\&\frac{L}{B} \geq 2 T_{P}\\&L \geq 2 \times T_{P} \times B\end{aligned}$

CSMA/CD is widely used in Ethernet.

<u>Efficiency of CSMA/CD:</u>

In the previous example we have seen that in worst case $2 T_{P}$ time require to detect a collision.

There could be many collisions may happen before a successful completion of transmission of a packet.

We are given number of collisions (contentions slots)=4.

$\text { Propagation day }=\frac{\text {distance}}{\text {speed}}$

Distance = 1km = 1000m

$\begin{aligned}&\text { Speed }=2 \times 10^{8} \mathrm{m} / \mathrm{sec}\\ &T_{P}=\frac{1000}{2 \times 10^{8}}=(0.5) \times 10^{-5}=5 \times 10^{-6}\\ &T_{t}=5 \mu \mathrm{sec}\end{aligned}$

7 0

3 years ago

Compare a series circuit powered by six 1.5-volt batteries to a series circuit powered by a single 9-volt battery. Make sure the

lana [24]

Answer:

Both series circuits provide a total voltage of 9 volts to the two bulbs connected in series and the voltage will be equally divided among two bulbs and they will have same brightness. Therefore, both circuits will have same characteristics.

Explanation:

We are asked to compare two series circuits having equal number of light bulbs.

1st circuit is powered by 6 batteries each having a voltage of 1.5V

2nd circuit is powered by a single battery having a voltage of 9V.

The six batteries in the 1st circuit can be connected together in series or in parallel.

When the batteries are connected in series (positive terminal of one battery connected to negative terminal of another battery) their voltage gets added which means

Voltage of pack = number of batteries*voltage of each battery

Voltage of pack = 6*1.5

Voltage of pack = 9 volts

But the current remains same in the series connection since there is only path for the current to flow.

On the other hand, when the batteries are connected in parallel, the voltage remains same but the current increases.

Circuit 1:

In this circuit, we have 6 batteries each of 1.5 volts connected in series to provide a voltage of 9 volts.

We have connected 2 bulbs in this series circuit.

The voltage will be equally divided between two bulbs if both bulbs are identical in construction.

So there will be 4.5 volts across each bulb and both bulbs will have same brightness.

Circuit 2:

In this circuit, we have 1 battery which provide a voltage of 9 volts.

We have connected 2 bulbs in this series circuit just like in circuit 1.

The voltage will be equally divided between two bulbs if both bulbs are identical in construction.

So there will be 4.5 volts across each bulb and both bulbs will have same brightness.

Conclusion:

Both series circuits provide a total voltage of 9 volts to the two bulbs connected in series and the voltage will be equally divided among two bulbs and they will have same brightness. Therefore, both circuits will have same characteristics.

3 0

3 years ago

For methyl chloride at 100°C the second and third virial coefficients are: B = −242.5 cm 3 ·mol −1 C = 25,200 cm 6 ·mol −2 Calcu

bogdanovich [222]

Answer:

a)W=12.62 kJ/mol

b)W=12.59 kJ/mol

Explanation:

At T = 100 °C the second and third virial coefficients are

B = -242.5 cm^3 mol^-1

C = 25200 cm^6 mo1^-2

Now according isothermal work of one mole methyl gas is

W=- $\int\limits^a_b {P} \, dV$

a= $v_2\\$

b= $v_1$

from virial equation

$\frac{PV}{RT}=z=1+\frac{B}{V}+\frac{C}{V^2}\\ \\P=RT(1+\frac{B}{V} +\frac{C}{V^2})\frac{1}{V}\\$

And

$W=-\int\limits^a_b {RT(1+\frac{B}{V} +\frac{C}{V^2}\frac{1}{V} } \, dV$

a= $v_2\\$

b= $v_1$

Now calculate V1 and V2 at given condition

$\frac{P1V1}{RT} = 1+\frac{B}{v_1} +\frac{C}{v_1^2}$

Substitute given values $P_1\\$ = 1 x 10^5 , T = 373.15 and given values of coefficients we get

$10^5(v_1)/8.314*373.15=1-242.5/v_1+25200/v_1^2$

Solve for V1 by iterative or alternative cubic equation solver we get

$v_1=30780 cm^3/mol$

Similarly solve for state 2 at P2 = 50 bar we get

$v_1=241.33 cm^3/mol$

Now

$W=-\int\limits^a_b {RT(1+\frac{B}{V} +\frac{C}{V^2}\frac{1}{V} } \, dV$

a=241.33

b=30780

After performing integration we get work done on the system is

W=12.62 kJ/mol

(b) for Z = 1 + B' P +C' P^2 = PV/RT by performing differential we get

dV=RT(-1/p^2+0+C')dP

Hence work done on the system is

$W=-\int\limits^a_b {P(RT(-1/p^2+0+C')} \, dP$

a= $v_2\\$

b= $v_1$

by substituting given limit and P = 1 bar , P2 = 50 bar and T = 373 K we get work

W=12.59 kJ/mol

The work by differ between a and b because the conversion of constant of virial coefficients are valid only for infinite series

8 0

3 years ago

Which of the following has special properties that allow forces and pressure to be distributed evenly?

Thepotemich [5.8K]

Answer:

Fluids

Explanation:

Fluids has special properties that allow forces and pressure to be distributed evenly within them.

Fluids are gases and liquids whose intermolecular forces of attraction are generally weak or non-existence.
Therefore, when pressure is applied to them, it permeates evenly on all parts.
Their ability to tend to randomness makes liquids and gases very viable for distributing pressure.

7 0

3 years ago

Roads in rural areas are _______.

Roman55 [17]

Answer:

Explanation:

Mountain roads often zigzag across a mountain with a series of sharp turns called. switchbacks.

6 0

3 years ago

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