Answer:
F = 8552.7N
Explanation:
We need first our values, that are,

We start to calculate the relative velocity, that is,

With the relative velocity we can calculate the mass flow rate, given by,



We need to define the Force in the direction of the flow,




Answer: The net force in every bolt is 44.9 kip
Explanation:
Given that;
External load applied = 245 kip
number of bolts n = 10
External Load shared by each bolt (P_E) = 245/10 = 24.5 kip
spring constant of the bolt Kb = 0.4 Mlb/in
spring constant of members Kc = 1.6 Mlb/in
combined stiffness factor C = Kb / (kb+kc) = 0.4 / ( 0.4 + 1.6) = 0.4 / 2 = 0.2 Mlb/in
Initial pre load Pi = 40 kip
now for Bolts; both pre load Pi and external load P_E are tensile in nature, therefore we add both of them
External Load on each bolt P_Eb = C × PE = 0.2 × 24.5 = 4.9 kip
So Total net Force on each bolt Fb = P_Eb + Pi
Fb = 4.9 kip + 40 kip
Fb = 44.9 kip
Therefore the net force in every bolt is 44.9 kip
Assumptions:
- Steady state.
- Air as working fluid.
- Ideal gas.
- Reversible process.
- Ideal Otto Cycle.
Explanation:
Otto cycle is a thermodynamic cycle widely used in automobile engines, in which an amount of gas (air) experiences changes of pressure, temperature, volume, addition of heat, and removal of heat. The cycle is composed by (following the P-V diagram):
- Intake <em>0-1</em>: the mass of working fluid is drawn into the piston at a constant pressure.
- Adiabatic compression <em>1-2</em>: the mass of working fluid is compressed isentropically from State 1 to State 2 through compression ratio (r).

- Ignition 2-3: the volume remains constant while heat is added to the mass of gas.
- Expansion 3-4: the working fluid does work on the piston due to the high pressure within it, thus the working fluid reaches the maximum volume through the compression ratio.

- Heat Rejection 4-1: heat is removed from the working fluid as the pressure drops instantaneously.
- Exhaust 1-0: the working fluid is vented to the atmosphere.
If the system produces enough work, the automobile and its occupants will propel. On the other hand, the efficiency of the Otto Cycle is defined as follows:

where:

Ideal air is the working fluid, as stated before, for which its specific heat ratio can be considered constant.

Answer:
See image attached.