The eroded rock and soil materials that are transported downstream by a river are called its load. A river transports, or carries, its load in three different ways: in solution, in suspension, and in its bed load.
Mineral matter that has been dissolved from bedrock is carried in solution. Common minerals carried in solution by rivers include dissolved calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate. Most of a river’s solution load comes from groundwater seeping into the river. Before it reaches the stream,thegroundwaterhastraveledthroughfracturesinthebedrock, chemically eroding rock along the way.
When river water looks muddy, it is carrying rock material in suspension. Suspended material includes clay, silt, and fine sand. Although these suspended materials are heavier than water, the turbulence of the stream flow stirs them up and keeps them from sinking. Turbulence includes swirls and eddies that form in water as a result of friction between the stream and its channel. The faster a stream flows, the more turbulent and muddy it becomes. A rough or irregular channel also increases turbulence.
A river may also transport rock materials in its bed load. The bed load consists of sand, pebbles, and boulders that are too heavy to be carried in suspension. These heavier materials are moved along the streambed, especially during floods. Boulders and pebbles roll or slide along the river bed. Large sand grains are pushed along the bottom in a series of jumps and bounces.
The relative amounts of a river’s load that are carried in solution, in suspension, and in the bed load depend on the nature of the river, the climate, the type of bedrock, and the season of the year. As a general rule, most of the load carried by the world’s streams and rivers is carried in suspension. The size of a river’s suspended load increases with human land use. Road and building construction and removal of vegetation make it easier for rain to wash sediment into streams and rivers.
<h3>
Answer: 130 newtons</h3>
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Explanation:
We'll need the acceleration first.
- The initial speed (let's call that Vi) is 8.0 m/s
- The final speed (Vf) is 0 m/s since Sam comes to a complete stop at the end.
- This happens over a duration of t = 4.0 seconds
The acceleration is equal to the change in speed over change in time
a = acceleration
a = (change in speed)/(change in time)
a = (Vf - Vi)/(4 seconds)
a = (0 - 8.0)/4
a = -8/4
a = -2
The acceleration is -2 m/s^2, meaning that Sam slows down by 2 m/s every second. Negative accelerations are often associated with slowing down. The term "deceleration" can be used here.
Here's a further break down of Sam's speeds at the four points of interest
- At 0 seconds, he's going 8 m/s
- At the 1 second mark, he's slowing down to 8-2 = 6 m/s
- At the 2 second mark, he's now at 6-2 = 4 m/s
- At the 3 second mark, he's at 4-2 = 2 m/s
- Finally, at the 4 second mark, he's at 2-2 = 0 m/s
Next, we'll apply Newton's Second Law of motion
F = m*a
where,
- F = force applied
- m = mass
- a = acceleration
We just found the acceleration, and the mass is fairly easy as all we need to do is add Sam's mass with the sled's mass to get 60+5.0 = 65 kg
So the force applied must be:
F = m*a
F = 65*(-2)
F = -130 newtons
This force is negative to indicate it's pushing against the sled's momentum to slow Sam down.
The magnitude of this force is |F| = |-130| = 130 newtons
The potential difference across the capacitor is 5 × 10∧4 volts and the energy stored in it is 1. 25 Joules
<h3>
What is the energy in a capacitor?</h3>
The energy stored in a capacitor is an electrostatic potential energy.
It is related to the charge(Q) and voltage (V) between the capacitor plates.
It is represented as 'U'.
<h3>
How to determine the potential difference</h3>
Formula:
Potential difference, V is the ratio of the charge to the capacitance of a capacitor.
It is calculated using:
V = Q ÷ C
Where Q = charge 5 × 10∧-5C and C = capacitance 10∧-9
Substitute the values into the equation
Potential difference, V = 5 × 10∧-5 ÷ 10∧-9 = 5 × 10∧4 volts
<h3>
How to determine the energy stored</h3>
Formula:
Energy, U = 1 ÷ 2 (QV)
Where Q= charge and V = potential difference across the capacitor
Energy, U = 1 ÷ 2 ( 5 × 10∧-5 × 5 × 10∧4)
= 0.5 × 25 × 10∧-1
= 0.5 × 2.5
= 1. 25 Joules
Therefore, the potential difference across the capacitor is 5 × 10∧4 volts and the energy stored in it is 1. 25 Joules
Learn more about capacitance here:
brainly.com/question/14883923
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