Answer:
(b). Mass and distance.
Explanation:
The gravitational force between two objects is given by Newton's law of universal gravitation. The formula is as follows :
Here,
G is universal gravitational constant
r is the distance between two objects
It is very clear that the gravitational force is directly proportional to the product of masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
Hence, the two quantities are used to predict gravitational force according to Newton's law of universal gravitation are mass and distance.
Answer:
A reaction is non-spontaneous at any temperature when the Gibbs free energy > 0.
Explanation:
There is a state function, that determines if a reaction is sponaneous or non spontaneous:
ΔG = Gibbs free energy
A reaction is non spontaneous when it does require energy to produce that reaction. It will be spontaneous, when the reaction does not require energy to be occured.
The formula is: ΔG = ΔH - T.ΔS
ΔH → Enthalpy → Energy gained or realeased as heat.
ΔH < 0 → <em>Exothermic reaction. Spontaneity is favored
</em>
T → Temperature
ΔS → Entropy → Degree of disorder of a system.
When the system has a considered disorder ΔS > 0, disorder increases.
When the system is more ordered, ΔS < 0, disorder decreases.
The reaction will be non spontaneous if, the enthalpy is positive (endothermic reaction) and the ΔS < 0 (disorder decreases). It will not occur if we do not give energy.
ΔG < 0 → Spontaneous reaction
ΔG > 0 → Non spontaneous reaction
ΔG = 0 → System in equilibrium
Increased temperatures cause changes in atmospheric circulation and increase evaporation and water vapor, resulting in precipitation increases, more intense precipitation, more storms and sea level rise.
Answer:
1 Joule=0.2390057361 Calorie
789kj=789×0.2390057361×1000
=188575.5257829calorie
Explanation:
Hope u have understand
