<span>10% rule (efficiency between trophic levels): limits how long an ecosystem's food chain can be
Predator/prey
cost benefit analysis (i.e. foraging) -- cost is risk of being eaten or
killed along the way, benefit is energy/nourishment obtained: limits
distribution of predator v. prey
Immigration/Emigration with other populations and ecosystems
Island
biogeography: size of land and distance from another
population/ecosystem (mainland): limits population size and variability
on island</span>
The answer is C. Alleles form your genetic makup :)
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PH meter, which is a device used to measure hydrogen-ion activity in the solution. A PH meter is a voltmeter stuck to a pH electrode and a reference electrode. -maclittleseed
The answer could possibly be natural selection or survival of the fittest
The removal of the producers would cause the collapse of the entire food web. Primary consumers or herbivores, which feed on producers directly, would die off.