Question

Answer the answers that you know.

Answer 1

1).  Sequence from the Sun:

       Inner planets:
                 Mercury
                 Venus
                 Earth
                 Mars

       Outer planets:
                 Jupiter
                 Saturn
                 Uranus
                 Neptune
            
2).  The farther a planet is from the sun, the longer it takes
to orbit the sun.  Mercury ... 88 days.  Earth ... 365 days.
                           Jupiter ... 12 years.    Neptune ... 165 years.

3).  Mercury & Venus ... no moons
      Earth - 1
      Mars - 2
     Jupiter -  more than 65

4).  Mercury ... cratered, no atmosphere
      Venus ... cratered, thick cloudy atmosphere
       Mars ... dry, cratered, slight atmosphere, like 1% or Earth's
      
       Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
                     We can't see any surface.  If any of them even
                     HAS a surface, it's thousands of miles under a
                     thick atmosphere of methane gas.

5).  Missing from the list

6).  Here's a list from the biggest planet to the smallest one.
The numbers in parentheses are the radius of the planet --
half of the diameter:

Jupiter (69,911 km / 43,441 miles) – 1,120% the size of Earth
Saturn (58,232 km / 36,184 miles) – 945% the size of Earth
Uranus (25,362 km / 15,759 miles) – 400% the size of Earth
Neptune (24,622 km / 15,299 miles) – 388% the size of Earth
Earth (6,371 km / 3,959 miles)
Venus (6,052 km / 3,761 miles) – 95% the size of Earth
Mars (3,390 km / 2,460 miles) – 53% the size of Earth
Mercury (2,440 km / 1,516 miles) – 38% the size of Earth

7). At least seven of the planets rotate in the same direction. 
There's something different about one of them ... it may be Uranus
but I'm not sure.  You'll have to look this up.

8).  Saturn has the famous rings, that you can almost see
with only binoculars.
Spacecraft sent to observe the outer planets have detected
very thin rings around Uranus and Neptune.

9).  Included in #6.

10).  I don't have complete info.  Generally, the closer the planet
is to the sun, the hotter it is.  But there are a few exceptions. 
I think Venus ... the second one from the sun, is actually hotter
than Mercury. 

11).  Just about every language has its own name for each planet.

12).  "Terrestrial" means "like Earth" ("Terra").
The terrestrial planets are the ones that have solid surfaces
and are made of rock.
Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars.

13).  "Jovian" means "like Jupiter".
Either no solid surface, or very small, inside a big deep gas ball. 
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.