Explanation:
At each reflecting surface (benzene and glass) there will be 180 degree phase change.
Now, for constructive interference the optical path in benzene is .
Formula to calculate thickness of a benzene thin film is as follows.
Optical path length through benzene () =
Hence, substituting the given values into the above formula as follows.
Optical path length through benzene =
d =
=
= (as 1 nm =
= 204.9 m
Thus, we can conclude that minimum thickness of benzene is 204.9 m.
Answer:
1 x 10⁻¹¹ M
Explanation:
<u>(Step 1)</u>
Determine the pH.
pH = -log[H⁺]
pH = -log[1 x 10⁻³ M]
pH = 3
<u>(Step 2)</u>
Determine the pOH.
pH + pOH = 14
3 + pOH = 14
pOH = 11
<u>(Step 3)</u>
Determine the hydroxide (OH⁻) concentration.
[OH⁻] = 10^-pOH
[OH⁻] = 10⁻¹¹
[OH⁻] = 1 x 10⁻¹¹ M
ΔG > 0
is always true for the freezing of water.
Explanation:
- The freezing of water is only spontaneous when the temperature is fairly small. Over 273 K, the higher value of TΔS causes the sign of ΔG to be positive, and there is no freezing point.
- The entropy decreases as water freezes. This does not infringe the Thermodynamics second law. The second law doesn't suggest entropy will never diminish anywhere.
- Entropy will decline elsewhere, provided it increases by at least as much elsewhere.
Answer:
2.335 J/g*degrees celcius
Explanation:
25 sugar because the mass should be equal on both sides