By convention, the symbol Z is assigned to the number of protons in the nucleus, or simply, the atomic number of an element. This is actually used when you want to determine the effective nuclear charge of a specific electron of an element. The equation is:
Z* = Z - S
where
Z* is the effective nuclear charge
Z is the atomic number
S is the number of electrons between the electron in question and the nucleus
There is due to a phenomenon called the shielding effect. This effect states that the farther the electron is from the nucleus, the lesser is its pull of force to the nucleus. That is the reason why the valence electrons (outermost electrons) are the ones always involved in chemicals reactions. Because they are not that strongly bonded to the nucleus of an atom.
The direction of heat flow is increased which means blocks temperature is higher and hotter than it was before
Thermoplastic and thermosetting
thermoplastic:- they are easily molded and extruded into films, fibres and packaging.For eg. PVC
thermosetting:-they are hard and durable and can be used for aircraft parts,tires and auto parts .For eg. phenolic resins.
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Boiling point of a compound is determined by the strength of intermolecular forces of attraction between the molecules present in it. Stronger the intermolecular forces of attraction, higher will be the boiling point.
Ionic compounds show ion-ion interactions which are the strongest among all. Ion-dipole interactions are shown when ionic solutes are dissolved in polar solvents. Hydrogen bonding is also a relatively stronger force that is present between H atom and an electronegative atom like F, O and N(
) . All polar molecules show dipole-dipole interaction (
and
). Dispersion forces are the weakest intermolecular forces due to momentary dipoles between electron clouds and nucleus.
Among the given compounds,
has dispersion forces as the major intermolecular forces of attraction. So they they exhibit the weakest IMF, hence have the lowest boiling point.