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Dennis_Churaev [7]
3 years ago
12

What are the two types of numbers in experimental calculations?

Chemistry
1 answer:
FinnZ [79.3K]3 years ago
8 0
The logistics of a proposed larger study

Gain familiarity with the experimental material,

Ensure that treatments are not obviously excessively mild or severe

Check that staff are sufficiently well trained in the necessary procedures

Ensure that all steps in a proposed future experiment are feasible.

Gain some information on variability, although this will not usually be sufficiently reliable to form the basis of power analysis calculations of sample size.

Exploratory experiments can be used to generate data with which to develop hypotheses for future testing. They may “work” or “not work”. They may have no clearly stated hypothesis (“let’s see what happens if..” is not a valid hypothesis on which to base an experiment).

Often they will measure many outcomes (characters). Picking out “interesting looking differences” (known as data snooping) and then doing a hypothesis test to see if the differences are statistically significant will lead to serious overestimation of the magnitude of a response and excessive numbers of false positive results. Such differences should always be tested in a controlled experiment where the hypothesis is stated a priori before the results are published.

Depending on the nature of the data, statistical analysis will often be done using an analysis of variance (ANOVA)

Confirmatory experiments are used to test some relatively simple hypothesis stated a priori. This is the type of experiment mainly considered in this web site.

The basic principles are:

Experiments involve comparisons between two or more groups

Their aim is to test a “null hypothesis” that there is no difference among the groups for the specified outcome.

If the null hypothesis is rejected at a certain level of probability (often 5%) this means that the probability of getting a result as extreme as this or more extreme in the absence of a true effect is 5% (assuming also that the experiment has been properly conducted). So it is assumed that such a difference is likely to be the result of the treatment. But, it could be a false positive resulting from sampling variation.

Failure to reject the null hypothesis does not mean that the treatment has no effect, only that if there is a real effect this experiment failed to detect it. “Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence”.

Experimental subjects need to be independently replicated because individuals (of whatever type) vary. Two subjects can normally be regarded as being independent if they can theoretically receive different treatments.

Subjects need to be assigned to groups, held in the animal house and measured at random in order to minimise the chance of bias (a systematic difference between groups)

As far as possible the experimenter should be “blind” with respect to the treatment group in order to minimise bias.

The experiments need to be powerful, i.e. they should have a high probability of detecting an effect of clinical or scientific importance if it is present.

In many cases a formal experimental designsuch as a “completely randomised”, “randomised block”, “Latin square” etc. design will be used.

In most cases it is useful if the experiment has a wide range of applicability. In other words the results should hold true under a range of different conditions (different strains, both sexes, different diets, different environments etc.). At least some of these factors should be explored using factorial and randomised block designs.

Experiments to explore relationships between variables. A typical example would be a growth curve or a dose-response relationship. In these experiments the aim is often to test whether the two variables are associated, and if so, what is the nature of that relationship. The typical statistical analysis involves correlation and/or regression.

 


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A scientist is tracking an object orbiting the sun that is found between mars and Jupiter. Which additional feature can be used
dedylja [7]

Answer:

Size is the additional feature that determines asteroids.

Explanation:

Asteroids are small, rocky objects that orbit the sun. Although asteroids orbit the sun like planets, they are much smaller than planets. There are lots of asteroids in our solar system. Most of them live in the main asteroid belt which is a region between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.

4 0
3 years ago
Rank these molecules or groups of molecules by when mammals use them as fuel, from right after a meal through only during starva
Natalka [10]

The question is incomplete: the complete question is:

Rank molecules or group of molecules by when mammals use as fuel, starting right after meal to only through?

starvation.

a) glucose from glucose-2-phosphate from glycogen.

b) free glucose and amino acids

c) fatty acids from triglycerides

d) glucose produced from amino acids in liver.

Answer:

B

A

C

D

Explanation:

Free glucose and amino acid enters into the blood stream directly and can be used immediately after meals by mammals.

The liver stores excess glucose as glycogen, hence when glucose levels begin to reduce in the body, the pancreas releases glucagon which converts glycogen to glucose.

Triglycerides are broken down to give fatty acids which gives much more energy than glucose.

During starvation, amino acids in the liver is converted to glucose when a person goes for days without eating.

6 0
3 years ago
Electron configuration worksheet
MrMuchimi

Answer:

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5 0
2 years ago
Why do gases diffuse more quickly than liquids?
Alborosie

Answer:

D)Gas particles move rapidly and have space between them.

Explanation:

Matter exists in three states namely: solids, liquids and gases. The particles contained in these three states are different from one another. In the gaseous state, the particles are FAR APART from one another i.e. space exists and they move at a very fast rate in contrast to the particles of a liquid, which have less space and move slower.

This rapid movement of gas particles within a less restricted space accounts for the reason why gaseous substances DIFFUSE more quickly than liquids.

5 0
3 years ago
The volume of a pond being studied for the effects of acid rain is 35 kiloliters (kL). There are 1,000 liters (L) in 1 kL and 1
Lerok [7]

Answer:

35,000,000,000 mL

Explanation:

You first multiply 35 times 1000.

35,000 L

Now you multiply 35,000 times 10^6

35,000,000,000 mL

4 0
3 years ago
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