1answer.
Ask question
Login Signup
Ask question
All categories
  • English
  • Mathematics
  • Social Studies
  • Business
  • History
  • Health
  • Geography
  • Biology
  • Physics
  • Chemistry
  • Computers and Technology
  • Arts
  • World Languages
  • Spanish
  • French
  • German
  • Advanced Placement (AP)
  • SAT
  • Medicine
  • Law
  • Engineering
Dennis_Churaev [7]
3 years ago
12

What are the two types of numbers in experimental calculations?

Chemistry
1 answer:
FinnZ [79.3K]3 years ago
8 0
The logistics of a proposed larger study

Gain familiarity with the experimental material,

Ensure that treatments are not obviously excessively mild or severe

Check that staff are sufficiently well trained in the necessary procedures

Ensure that all steps in a proposed future experiment are feasible.

Gain some information on variability, although this will not usually be sufficiently reliable to form the basis of power analysis calculations of sample size.

Exploratory experiments can be used to generate data with which to develop hypotheses for future testing. They may “work” or “not work”. They may have no clearly stated hypothesis (“let’s see what happens if..” is not a valid hypothesis on which to base an experiment).

Often they will measure many outcomes (characters). Picking out “interesting looking differences” (known as data snooping) and then doing a hypothesis test to see if the differences are statistically significant will lead to serious overestimation of the magnitude of a response and excessive numbers of false positive results. Such differences should always be tested in a controlled experiment where the hypothesis is stated a priori before the results are published.

Depending on the nature of the data, statistical analysis will often be done using an analysis of variance (ANOVA)

Confirmatory experiments are used to test some relatively simple hypothesis stated a priori. This is the type of experiment mainly considered in this web site.

The basic principles are:

Experiments involve comparisons between two or more groups

Their aim is to test a “null hypothesis” that there is no difference among the groups for the specified outcome.

If the null hypothesis is rejected at a certain level of probability (often 5%) this means that the probability of getting a result as extreme as this or more extreme in the absence of a true effect is 5% (assuming also that the experiment has been properly conducted). So it is assumed that such a difference is likely to be the result of the treatment. But, it could be a false positive resulting from sampling variation.

Failure to reject the null hypothesis does not mean that the treatment has no effect, only that if there is a real effect this experiment failed to detect it. “Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence”.

Experimental subjects need to be independently replicated because individuals (of whatever type) vary. Two subjects can normally be regarded as being independent if they can theoretically receive different treatments.

Subjects need to be assigned to groups, held in the animal house and measured at random in order to minimise the chance of bias (a systematic difference between groups)

As far as possible the experimenter should be “blind” with respect to the treatment group in order to minimise bias.

The experiments need to be powerful, i.e. they should have a high probability of detecting an effect of clinical or scientific importance if it is present.

In many cases a formal experimental designsuch as a “completely randomised”, “randomised block”, “Latin square” etc. design will be used.

In most cases it is useful if the experiment has a wide range of applicability. In other words the results should hold true under a range of different conditions (different strains, both sexes, different diets, different environments etc.). At least some of these factors should be explored using factorial and randomised block designs.

Experiments to explore relationships between variables. A typical example would be a growth curve or a dose-response relationship. In these experiments the aim is often to test whether the two variables are associated, and if so, what is the nature of that relationship. The typical statistical analysis involves correlation and/or regression.

 


You might be interested in
83ef0c8
kumpel [21]

Answer:

0.17325 moles per liter per second

Explanation:

For a first order reaction;

in[A] = in[A]o - kt

Where;

[A]= concentration at time t

[A]o = initial concentration

k= rate constant

t= time taken

ln0.5 =ln1 - 2k

2k = ln1 - ln0.5

k= ln1 - ln0.5/2

k= 0 -(0.693)/2

k= 0.693/2

k= 0.3465 s-1

Rate of reaction = k[A]

Rate = 0.3465 s-1 × 0.50 mol/L

Rate = 0.17325 moles per liter per second

5 0
3 years ago
Hydrogen peroxide (h​2​o​2​) decomposes according to the equation:h​2​o​2​(​l​) ​⇆​ h​2​o(​l​) + ½ o​2​(​g​)calculate k​p​ for t
goldenfox [79]
Hello! Let me try to answer this :)

Thanks and please correct if there are any mistakes ^ ^

6 0
3 years ago
Describe the results of a physical change and list<br> three examples of physical change.
Alex Ar [27]

Physical changes are changes affecting the form of a chemical substance, but not its chemical composition. Physical changes are used to separate mixtures into their component compounds, but can not usually be used to separate compounds into chemical elements or simpler compounds.

Ex: cutting a paper, gaining weight, cutting hair

8 0
3 years ago
Draw the main lewis structure of nof. draw nonbonding electrons using the dot notation and bonding electrons as a bond.
navik [9.2K]

solution is attached below

6 0
3 years ago
Read 2 more answers
What are the energy in a plant?
Vadim26 [7]
In plants, these energy factories are called chloroplasts. They collect energy from the sun and use carbon dioxide and water in the process called photosynthesis to produce sugars. Animals can make use of the sugars provided by the plants in their own cellular energy factories, the mitochondria.
3 0
3 years ago
Other questions:
  • What is the mass of 3.75 moles of NaCl
    6·2 answers
  • The density of gold is 19.3 g/cm? What volume would 109 g of gold have?<br> ОА. .<br> 56.48 cm3
    9·1 answer
  • *Giving Brainly with the points* Best answer gets it
    8·1 answer
  • An object is uniformly accelerated from rest to a speed of 35 meters per second in 7 seconds. The acceleration of the object is
    8·2 answers
  • You need to produce a buffer solution that has a ph of 5.16. you already have a solution that contains 10. mmol (millimoles) of
    10·1 answer
  • If the amount of a gas increases while temperature and pressure of gas are constant, you predict that the volume of the gas ___.
    6·1 answer
  • Adaptation: Question 1 Which best explains why a population of a certain species of moose , over five generations , developed fe
    12·1 answer
  • Which of these reactions is an addition reaction?
    9·1 answer
  • The elements fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), and Iodine are all part of the same ____________________ on the periodic table.
    8·1 answer
  • What do covalent bonds usually form at room temperature?.
    10·1 answer
Add answer
Login
Not registered? Fast signup
Signup
Login Signup
Ask question!