As shown by the <span>catholic church's renunciation </span>of Galileo.<span />
Answer: A) Climate
Explanation: Until the mid-20th century the largest impediment to trade between area "1" and area "2" on the map was climate. The Sahara Desert was a major impediment to trade. True, there were Trans-Saharan trade routes for centuries, but there is no denying that the desert was an inconvenience at the very least.
Answer:
Having surplus food also allowed more people to be fed, so the population of the world began to grow rapidly.
Explanation: This meant that they no longer had to travel from place to place. As the population increased, settlements grew into towns. People did not have to spend all of their days producing food.