It is through biopsychological feedback.
A class of chemical called a neurotransmitter is important in the transmission of nerve impulses. Neurotransmitters are packaged by the cell into small, membrane-bound sacs called vesicles. Upon receiving a chemical signal, the vesicles move toward the cell membrane and fuse with it, releasing the enclosed neurotransmitters from the terminal end of the nerve cell.
Isotopes refer to different atoms of the same element (i.e. same number of protons) that differ in the number of neutrons they have (giving them different atomic weights). Atomic weight is the sum of protons and neutrons (each contributes 1 atomic mass unit).
Carbon has 6 protons by definition. If you have a carbon-13 atom (the 13 referring to its mass), the atom has 13 - 6 = 7 neutrons. Since it's neutral, protons = electrons, so there are also 6 electrons.
Sulfur has 16 protons by definition. If you have a sulfur-32 atom, the atom has 32 - 16 = 16 neutrons. Since it's neutral, protons = electrons, so there are also 16 electrons.
The core difference is that heat deals with thermal energy, whereas temperature is more concerned with molecular kinetic energy. Heat is the transfer of thermal energy, whereas temperature is a property the object exhibits.
Refer to the diagram shown below.
μ = the coefficient of dynamic friction between the crate and the ramp.
1. The applied force of F acts over a distance, d.
The work done is F*d.
2. The component of the weight of the crate acting down the ramp is
mg sin(30) = 0.5mg.
The work done by this force is 0.5mgd.
3. The normal force is N = mgcos(30) = 0.866mg.
This force is perpendicular to the ramp, therefore the work done is zero.
4. The frictional force is μN = μmgcos(30) = 0.866μmg.
The work done by the frictional force is 0.866μmgd.
5. The total force acting on the crate up the ramp is
F - mgsin(30) - μmgcos(30) = F - mg(0.5 - 0.866μ)
6. The work done on the crate by the total force is
d*(F - 0.5mg - 0.866μmg)