<span>Ionic bonding between sodium and phosphate ions.</span>
Answer: A: high ionization energies; high electron affinitlies.
Explanation: Covalent bonds are basically about sharing of electrons between two atoms to achieve that stable structure. They are formed between two atoms when both have similar tendencies to attract electrons to themselves (i.e., when both atoms have identical or fairly similar ionization energies and electron affinities). Covalent bonding usually occurs between two non-metals.
For effective and proper bonding, the two atoms involved in the covalent bonding exercise should be small and hungry for electrons. This is to enable the nuclei of both atoms to effectively attract and hold the shared electron(s) in place; hence, the need for high ionization energies & high electron affinities for a more effective covalent bonding.
The law of conservation of mass or principle of mass conservation states that for any system closed to all transfers of matter and energy, the mass of the system must remain constant over time, as system's mass cannot change, so quantity cannot be added nor removed. Hence, the quantity of mass is conserved over time.
The law implies that mass can neither be created nor destroyed, although it may be rearranged in space, or the entities associated with it may be changed in form. For example, in chemical reactions, the mass of the chemical components before the reaction is equal to the mass of the components after the reaction. Thus, during any chemical reaction and low-energy thermodynamic processes in an isolated system, the total mass of the reactants, or starting materials, must be equal to the mass of the products.
According to the Law of Conservation, all atoms of the reactant(s) must equal the atoms of the product(s).
As a result, we need to balance chemical equations. We do this by adding in coefficients to the reactants and/or products. The compound(s) itself/themselves DOES NOT CHANGE.
Intermolecular forces in solids are strongest than in liquids and gases. Gases have the least strong intermolecular forces. Intermolecular forces are weak and are significant over short distances between molecules (determined by Coulomb’s law). The farther away from the molecules the weaker the intermolecular forces. Since molecules in solids are the closest, the intermolecular force between them as the strongest. Conversely, since gas molecules are farthest apart, the intermolecular forces between them are the weakest.
