Answer:
b. The rats press the lever least when cocaine is presented.
Explanation:
Reinforcement or reward refers to the physiological processes by which a given behavior, such as drug use, becomes habitual. This occurs when neurons release the neurotransmitter dopamine to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) after drug use.
In tobacco, nicotine is the main component triggering of the reinforcement. Once inside the brain, nicotine activates nicotinic receptors, which in turn contributes to the reinforcement mechanism. Following repeated exposure to nicotine, a neuroadaptation process is established for some (but not all) effects of nicotine. Increased brain nAChRs (acetylcoline receptors) are observed in response to desensitization of these nicotine-mediated receptors. This desensitization can play an important role in the development of tolerance and dependence.
The fact that nicotine is a weak reinforcer, means that maybe the rat already had an neuroadaptation with this drug, not feeling anything with this drug anymore, and thats why he would prefer other drug, like cocaine, pressing the lever of nicotine less often.
Answer:
It keeps you fit and being fit is healthier, and being healthy prevents heart disease.
Explanation:
Answer: loss of blood from damaged blood vessels. A hemorrhage may be internal or external, and usually involves a lot of bleeding in a short time
The two types of hemorrhagic are: subarachnoid hemorrhage and intracerebral hemorrhage
A subarachnoid hemorrhage is bleeding in the space around the brain. This bleeding between the thin layers of tissue that cover the brain often causes serious consequences such as death or severe disability.
Intracranial hemorrhage, also known as intracerebral hemorrhage, is a form of a stroke where there is bleeding on the brain.
Explanation:
