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avanturin [10]
2 years ago
9

The atomic nucleus contains two subatomic particles, the proton and the neutron. Atoms of different elements have different numb

ers of protons and neutrons. The nuclei of atoms that are the most stable have proton to neutron ratios of A) 1 to 1 B) 2 to 1 C) 1 to 2 D) there is no pattern that indicates stability in the nucleus
Chemistry
1 answer:
Nostrana [21]2 years ago
4 0

Answer:

The correct option is;

A) 1 to 1.

Explanation:

A stab;e nuclei requires the presence of a neutron to accommodate the the protons repulsion forces within the nucleus. An increase in the number of protons should be accompanied by an even more instantaneous increase in the number of neutrons to balance the forces in the nucleus. If there is an excess of neutrons or a deficit in protons a state of unbalance exists in the nucleus, which results to nuclear instability.

Therefore, the ratio of neutrons to protons is an appropriate way in foretelling nuclear stability and a stable nuclei is known to have a proton to neutron ratio of 1:1 and the number of protons and neutrons in the stable nuclei are usually even numbers.

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Suppose a laboratory wants to identify an unknown pure substance. The valence electrons of the substance's atoms feel an effecti
zalisa [80]

Answer:

  • The answer is the third option in the list:<em> It would have smaller atomic radii than Si and higher ionization energies than Si.</em>

Explanation:

The<em> effective nuclear charge</em> is that portion of the total nuclear charge that a given electron in an atom feels.

Since, the inner electrons repel the outer electrons, t<em>he effective nuclear charg</em>e of a determined electron is the sum of the positive charge (number of protons or atomic number) that it feels from the nucleus less the number of electrons that are in the shells that are are closer to the nucleus than the own shell of such (determined) electron.

Mathematically, <em>the effective nuclear charge (Zeff)</em> is equal to the atomic number (Z) minus the amount (S) that other electrons in the atom shield the given (determined) atom from the nucleus.

  • Zeff = Z - S.

Since, the valence electrons are the electrons in the outermost shell of the atom, you can find certain trend for the value Zeff.

Let's look at the group to which Si belongs, which is the group 14. This table summarizes the relevant data:

Element   Z   Group   # valence electrons     S                      Zeff = Z - S

C              6      14                      4                     6 - 4 = 2             6 -  2 = +4

Si             14     14                      4                     14 - 4 = 10         14 - 10 = +4

Ge           32     14                     4                     32 - 4 = 28       32 -28 = +4

Sn           50     14                     4                     50 - 4 = 46       50 - 46 = +4

Pb           82     14                     4                     82 - 4 = 78        82 - 78 = +4  

With that, you have shown that the valence electrons of the unknown substance's atoms feel an effective nuclear charge of +4 and you have a short list of 4 elements which can be the unknown element: C, Ge, Sn or Pb.

The second known characteristic of the unknown substance's atoms is that it has a <em>higher electronegativity than silicon (Si)</em><em>.</em>

So, you must use the known trend of the electronegativity in a group of the periodic table: the electronegativity decreases as you go down in a group. So, three of the elements (Ge, Sn, and Pb) have lower electronegativity than Si, which has left us with only one possibility: the element C. The valence electrons of carbon (C) atoms feel an effective nuclear charge of +4 and it carbon has a higher electronegativity than silicon.

Other two periodic trends attending the group number are the <em>atomic radii and the ionization energy</em>.

The atomic radii generally increases as you go from top to bottom in a group. This is because you are adding electrons to new higher main energy levels. So, you can conclude that the originally unknwon substance (carbon) has a smaller atomic radii, than Si.

The ionization energies generally decreases as you go from top to bottom in a group. This os due to the shielding effect: as seen, the effective nuclear charge of the atom's valence electrons remains constant, while the distance of the electrons from the nucleus increases (the valence electrons are farther away from the nucleus), which means the upper the element in a given group, the larger the ionization energy of the atoms.

With this, our conclusions about the unnkown substance are:

  • Since it has a higher electronegativity value than silicon (Si), it is right up of Si, and there is on only element possible element than can be (C).

  • Since, it is upper than silicon (Si), it would have smaller atomic radii.

  • Due to the shielding effect, it would have larger ionization energies.

  • The answer is the third option in the list: It would have smaller atomic radii than Si and higher ionization energies than Si.

6 0
2 years ago
3 examples of density synonyms
DENIUS [597]

frequency.

quantity.

thickness.

body.

closeness.

concretion.

heaviness.

solidity.

3 0
3 years ago
1. If you have 5g of pennies how many dozen pennies do you have?
likoan [24]

Answer:

15.69 dozen

Explanation:

Mass of penny = 5 g

Dozens of penny =..?

Next, we shall convert 5 g to gross. This can be obtained as follow:

3824 g = 1000 gross

Therefore,

5 g = 5 g × 1000 gross / 3824 g

5 g = 1.3075 gross

Thus, 5 g is equivalent to 1.3075 gross.

Finally, we convert 1.3075 gross to dozen. This can be obtained as follow:

1 gross = 12 dozen

Therefore,

1.3075 gross = 1.3075 gross × 12 dozen / 1 gross

1.3075 gross = 15.69 dozen

Thus, 5 g of penny is equivalent to 15.69 dozen

4 0
3 years ago
If the gas in the piston above has a volume of 20.0 L at a temperature of 25 C what is the volume of that gas when it is heated
dexar [7]

Answer:

15.98 L

Explanation:

First, you need to find T1, T2, V1 and V2.

T1 = 25 C = 298.15 K (25C + 273.15K)

T2 = 100 C = 373.15 K (100C + 273.15K)

V1 = 20. L

V2 = ? (we are trying to find)

Next, rearrange to fit the formula

V2 = V1 x T1 / T2

Next, fill in with our numbers

V2 = 20. L x 298.15 K / 373.15 K

Do the math and you should get...

15.98 L

- If you need more help or futher explanation please let me know. I would be glad to help!

8 0
2 years ago
Read 2 more answers
What mass of cu(s) is electroplated by running 26.5 a of current through a cu2+(aq) solution for 4.00 h?
kramer
T = 14400 s 
26.5 x 14400=381600 C 
381600/96500=3.95 Faradays 
Cu2+ + 2e- = Cu 
3.95 faradays ( 1 mol/ 2 Faradays) = 1.97
mass = 1.97 x 63.55 g/mol=125 g 

moles Au = 33.1 / 196.967 g/mol=0.168 
Au+ + 1e- = Au 
0.168 ( 1 Faraday/ 1mol)= 0.168 Faraday 
0.168 x 96500=16217 Coulombs 
16217 / 5.00=3243 s => 54 min
7 0
3 years ago
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