Covalent bond is when there is relatively less difference in electronegativity of constituent atoms. On the other hand, ionic bond is formed when there is large difference in electronegativity of constituent atoms.
In present case, electronegativity of F is 3.98, electronegativity of C is 2.55, electronegativity of tin is 1.96 and electronegativity of potassium is 0.82.
Here, since the electronegativity difference is minimum in case of C-F, so covalent bond will be preferentially with carbon.
It must also be noted that neon is an inert gas, hence it will not form bond with F.
The atomic structure of an atom is well explained experimentally by different experiments like Rutherford's experiment etc
Based on these experiments it was determined that the atoms contains a central part known as nucleus which contains the positively charged sub atomic particles protons and neutral sub atomic particles neutron.
There is empty space around the nucleus in which negatively charged subatomic particles are found known as electrons.
So answers are
a) protons
b) neutrons
c) electrons
Noble Gas Cores have following electronic configuration
He = 1s²
Ne = [He] 2s², 2p⁶
Ar = [Ne] 3s², 3p⁶
Kr = [Ar] 4s², 4p⁶
Xe = [Kr] 5s², 5p⁶
Now solving for question elements,
Germanium = Ge = [Ar] 3d¹⁰, 4s², 4p²
Nickle = Ni = [Ar] 3d¹⁰, 4s²
Tunsten = W = [Xe] 4f¹⁴, 5d⁴, 6s²
Titanium = Ti = [Ar] 3d², 4s²
Iron = Fe = [Ar] 3d⁶, 4s²
Zinc = Zn = [Ar] 3d¹⁰, 4s²
Bose Einstein condensation occur at temperature very close to absolute zero i.e 273.15 degrees centigrade.. Under such conditions, large quantity of Boson occupies the lowest quantum state, at which point microscopic quantum phenomena becomes apparent macroscopically. A BEC is formed by cooling a gas of extremely low density about one hundred thousandth the density of normal air, to ultra low temperature.