Question

Which layer of the sun's atmosphere are you looking at when you look at me in image of the Sun

Answer 1

The answer is Photosphere.  The photosphere is the lowest layer of the solar atmosphere. It is essentially the solar "surface" that we see when we look at the Sun in "white" light.  It is like a glowing fog, so at a distance, it looks solid, the same way a cloud looks solid from a distance.