I believe the answer is orbital hybridization theory
The hydrogens and oxygen of a water molecule are held together by covalent bonds.
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What are covalent bonds?</h3>
A covalent bond is an electron exchange that causes the production of electron pairs between atoms. Covalent bonding is a stable equilibrium of the attractive and repulsive forces between two atoms that occurs when they share electrons.
Bonding pairs or sharing pairs are other names for these electron pairs. Because electrons are shared among several molecules, each atom can reach the equivalent of a full valence shell, resulting in a stable electronic state.
In organic chemistry, covalent bonds are much more common than ionic bonds. Covalent bonds unite the atoms in a single water molecule, whereas hydrogen bonds join two water molecules. Water develops a covalent bond when oxygen shares an electron with each hydrogen atom.
To know more about covalent bonds, refer:
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The concept used here is the Le Chatelier's principle. When a disturbance is introduced to the system, it favors the direction of reaction that minimizes the disturbance to regain equilibrium.
In endothermic reactions, the forward reaction is favored when the temperature is low. Otherwise, the reverse reaction is favored. When you add the amounts of substances on the reactant side, more products would formed favoring the forward reaction. If you increase concentration on the product side, you form more reactants so it would favor the reverse reaction. Lastly, since 10 moles of gases are needed in the reactant side, it would be favored during high pressure reaction.
