Answer:
Explanation:
From the question we are told that:
Plane strain fracture toughness of
Y value
Stress level of
Generally the equation for length of a surface crack is mathematically given by
Therefore
in mm
A railroad runs form city A to city B, a distance of 800km, through mountainous terrain. The present one-way travel time (includ
ing time at intermediate yards) is 20 hours, and the rail freight rate is $20 per ton. There is a truck service that competes with the railroad, running over a roughly parallel road for approximately the same distance, at an average speed of 48km per hour and a rate of $30 per ton. A new highway is planned to replace the existing roads; it is expected that most of the traffic will be trucks (auto usage is expected to be negligible). The performance function of the new facility is t_T = t_0 + bV_T, where V_T is the flow in trucks per hour, t_0 = 10 hours, b = 0.08 hour per truck per hour. The railroad's estimate of the demand function is: V_T/V_R = a_0(t_r/t_R)^a_1 (c_T/c_R)^a_2 where t_T and t_R are the trip times (in hours) by truck and rail, respectively, c_T and c_R are the corresponding rates, V_T and V_R are the corresponding flows and a_0, a_1 and a_2 are parameters. The total demand is likely to remain constant at V_TOT = 200 tons per hour. The rail system is utilized at only a fraction of capacity, so its performance function is flat (travel time is constant, independent of volume). If a_0 = 1, a_1 = -1 and a_2 = -2, find the present flows of freight by truck and rail. Make an estimate of the equilibrium flows if the new highway were built. With the new highway built, what would the equilibrium flow be in each of the following two cases: if the railroad dropped its rate to $15 per ton? if truckers were taxed $5 per ton to help pay for the new highway?
1 answer:
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