<span>that it is cooler than the lithosphere.</span>
2.
The reason why is because there are 2 available electron spots on the orbital for the oxygen atom. Hydrogen atoms have one proton and one electron, thus, in order to fill the oxygen atom orbital to a full outer shell, a maximum of 2 atoms could bond with the oxygen atoms.
6 electrons (oxygen)+ 1 electron (hydrogen)+ 1 electron (hydrogen)= 8
The box will not move cuz both force vectors are equal in magnitude but exactly opposite in direction. So A is the correct option
I think B qualitative is the answer