7.) Carbon-14 is a radioactive isotope of carbon. The half-life of carbon-14 is approximately 5,730 years. The short half-life of carbon-14 means it cannot be used to date fossils that are allegedly extremely old, e.g. dinosaurs the evolution alleges lived millions of years ago. Levels of carbon-14 become difficult to measure and compare after about 50,000 years (between 8 and 9 half lives; where 1% of the original carbon-14 would remain undecayed).
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In simple diffusion, small molecules without charges such as oxygen and carbon dioxide flow through a plasma membrane without assistance and without expending energy. Other substances such as proteins<span>, glucose and charged particles called ions cannot pass through the selectively permeable membrane.</span>
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Production of Citric Acid
It is an organic carboxylic acid and can be extracted from the juice of citrus fruits by adding calcium oxide to form calcium citrate, which is an insoluble precipitate that can be collected by filtration; the citric acid can be recovered from its calcium salt by adding sulfuric acid.
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