No He believed tiny particles were invisible and couldn't be changed....So No The person that believed in this was Dalton .
valence electrons are the number of electrons in the outer shell. there can only be 8 electrons in the outer shell. The number of valence electrons can be used to determine how many bonds are needed.
For example: H2O
O (oxygen) has 6 valence electrons
H (hydrogen) has 1 valence electron
O needs 2 more electrons to be stable
H needs 1 more electron to be stable
O forms one bond with two H atoms to form H2O.
Answer is: the equilibrium concentrations fluorine anion are 0.004 M and lead cation are 0.002 M.<span>
Chemical reaction: PbF</span>₂(aq) → Pb²⁺(aq) + 2F⁻(aq).<span>
Ksp = 3,2·10</span>⁻⁸.
[Pb²⁺] = x.
[F⁻] = 2[Pb²⁺] = 2x<span>
Ksp = [Pb²</span>⁺] ·
[F⁻]².
Ksp = x · 4x².
3,2·10⁻⁸ = 4x³.
x = ∛3,2·10⁻⁸ ÷ 4.
x = [Pb²⁺] = 0,002M = 2·10⁻³ M.
[F⁻] = 2 · 0,002M = 0,004 M = 4·10⁻³ M.
One reason could be that the water in this experiment, didn’t boil, but instead became a “chemical reaction” from atmospheric pressure which is normal.
While heating two different samples, of
sea level water it decides on a temperature of 102°C and the other boils at 99.2°C. Basically calculating of the percent error.
