Answer:
The variable manipulated or controlled by the experimenter is called the independent variable.
Example:
If the flow velocity at the bottom of a tank is measured by varying the height of water in the tank, we are measuring velocity as a function of water height.
Therefore,
water height = independent variable (controlled)
velocity = dependent variable (measured in response to water height).
Mathematically,
v = f(h)
where v = response variable (dependent)
h = controlled variable (independent).
The new gravitational attraction will be 1/4 as much
Explanation:
The magnitude of the gravitational force between two objects is given by
where
is the gravitational constant
m1, m2 are the masses of the two objects
r is the separation between them
In this problem, the original force between the two objects is F, when they are separated by a distance r.
Later, the distance between the two objects is doubled, so the new distance is

Therefore, the new force will be

Therefore, the new force will be one-fourth as much.
Learn more about gravitational force:
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