For both NPN and PNP this is true:
The base is between the collector and the emitter.
Answer:
E = 8.5 * 10^6 V/m
Explanation:
In general we have the following relation between the Electric Field and the Elecric Potential:

Due to the vector nature of the electric filed, we can only know the mean Electric field E across the membrane, and take it out from the integral, that is:
E = (ΔV)/L
Where L is the thickness of the membrane and ΔV is the potential difference.
Therefore:
E = 8.53933*10^6 V/m
rounding to the first tenth:
E = 8.5 * 10^6 V/m
The answer is "friction and air resistance" gravity does some of the work by keeping the object from floating away, but friction and air resistance does the biggest part. Friction is how rough the ground it meaning on tile, dirt, grass, etc... that would slow down the object and air resistance is the gravity pushing on the object also making it stop.
Hope this helps!
Mechanical advantage allows you to apply a force over a short distance to increase the distance and object moves.