Answer:
Radiation effects on electrical equipment depend on the equipment and on the type of ionizing radiation to which it is exposed.
First, beta radiation has little, if any, effect on electrical equipment because this type of ionizing radiation is easily shielded. The equipment housing and the construction of the parts within the housing will protect the equipment from beta-radiation (high-energy electrons) exposure.
Gamma radiation is penetrating and can affect most electrical equipment. Simple equipment (like motors, switches, incandescent lights, wiring, and solenoids) is very radiation resistant and may never show any radiation effects, even after a very large radiation exposure. Diodes and computer chips (electronics) are much more sensitive to gamma radiation. To give you a comparison of effects, it takes a radiation dose of about 5 Sv to cause death to most people. Diodes and computer chips will show very little functional detriment up to about 50 to 100 Sv. Also, some electronics can be "hardened" (made to be not affected as much by larger gamma radiation doses) by providing shielding or by selecting radiation-resistant materials.
Some electronics do exhibit a recovery after being exposed to gamma radiation, after the radiation is stopped. But the recovery is hardly ever back to 100% functionality. Also, if the electronics are exposed to gamma radiation while unpowered, the gamma radiation effects are less.
Ionizing radiation breaks down the materials within the electrical equipment. For example, when wiring is exposed to gamma rays, no change is noticed until the wiring is flexed or bent. The wire's insulation becomes brittle and will break and may cause shorts in the equipment. The effect on diodes and computer chips is a bit more complex. The gamma rays disrupt the crystalline nature of the inside of the electronic component. Its function is degraded and then fails as more gamma radiation exposure is received by the electronic component.
Gamma rays do not affect the signals within the device or the signals received by the device. Nonionizing radiation (like radio signals, microwaves, and electromagnetic pulses) DO mess with the signals within and received by the device. I put a cheap electronic game in my microwave oven at home. It arced and sparked and was totally ruined. I didn’t waste any more of my time playing that game.
Hope this helps.
Explanation:
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<u>Answer:</u> The final concentration of potassium nitrate is
<u>Explanation:</u>
To calculate the molecular mass of solute, we use the equation used to calculate the molarity of solution:

We are given:
Mass of potassium nitrate (solute) = 0.360 g
Molar mass of potassium nitrate = 101.1 g/mol
Volume of solution = 500.0 mL
Putting values in above equation, we get:

To calculate the molarity of the diluted solution, we use the equation:
.......(1)
- <u>Calculating for first dilution:</u>
are the molarity and volume of the concentrated
solution
are the molarity and volume of diluted
solution
We are given:

Putting values in equation 1, we get:

- <u>Calculating for second dilution:</u>
are the molarity and volume of the concentrated
solution
are the molarity and volume of diluted
solution
We are given:

Putting values in equation 1, we get:

Hence, the final concentration of potassium nitrate is
Answer:
Ocean currents!!
Explanation:
The Oceans of the earth transfer heat from one location to another via massive ocean currents. These currents are like river flowing across the vastness of Earth, bringing warm water from the equator up towards higher latitudes, and cooler water down towards the equator.
Answer:
Excited state of an electron is the state attained by an electron after it has absorbed energy and it moves further from the nucleus.
an electron is at higher energy when excited and at lower energy when at ground state.
an excited electron is less stable due to the decrease in the nuclear force of attraction and the grounded electron is more stable due to it's close distance to the nucleus.