What is the friction factor for fully developed flow in a circular pipe where Reynolds number is 1000
1 answer:
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Assumptions:
- Steady state.
- Air as working fluid.
- Ideal gas.
- Reversible process.
- Ideal Otto Cycle.
Explanation:
Otto cycle is a thermodynamic cycle widely used in automobile engines, in which an amount of gas (air) experiences changes of pressure, temperature, volume, addition of heat, and removal of heat. The cycle is composed by (following the P-V diagram):
- Intake <em>0-1</em>: the mass of working fluid is drawn into the piston at a constant pressure.
- Adiabatic compression <em>1-2</em>: the mass of working fluid is compressed isentropically from State 1 to State 2 through compression ratio (r).
- Ignition 2-3: the volume remains constant while heat is added to the mass of gas.
- Expansion 3-4: the working fluid does work on the piston due to the high pressure within it, thus the working fluid reaches the maximum volume through the compression ratio.
- Heat Rejection 4-1: heat is removed from the working fluid as the pressure drops instantaneously.
- Exhaust 1-0: the working fluid is vented to the atmosphere.
If the system produces enough work, the automobile and its occupants will propel. On the other hand, the efficiency of the Otto Cycle is defined as follows:
where:
Ideal air is the working fluid, as stated before, for which its specific heat ratio can be considered constant.
Answer:
See image attached.
Answer:
a). Work transfer = 527.2 kJ
b). Heat Transfer = 197.7 kJ
Explanation:
Given:
= 5 Mpa
= 1623°C
= 1896 K
= 0.05
Also given
Therefore, = 1
R = 0.27 kJ / kg-K
= 0.8 kJ / kg-K
Also given :
Therefore, =
= 0.1182 MPa
a). Work transfer, δW =
= 527200 J
= 527.200 kJ
b). From 1st law of thermodynamics,
Heat transfer, δQ = ΔU+δW
=
=
=
= 197.7 kJ